Glossary¶
- 2,4,5-T
- 2,4-D
- 2,4-dinitrophenol
- Abamectin
- Abandoned land
- Abdomen
- Abdominal cavity
-
The portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Abdominal fat
-
Body fat located in the abdominal region. (source: NALT)
- Abelmoschus
- Abelmoschus esculentus
- Abelmoschus moschatus
- Abies amabilis
- Abies balsamea
- Abies cephalonica
- Abies concolor
- Abies firma
- Abies fraseri
- Abies grandis
- Abies lasiocarpa
- Abies magnifica
- Abies mariesii
- Abies nordmanniana
- Abies numidica
- Abies pinsapo
- Abies procera
- Abies religiosa
- Abies sachalinensis
- Abies sibirica
- Abies veitchii
- abiotic stress
- Abnormal behaviour
- Abramis
- Abramis brama
- Abscission
- Absidia
- Absorbance
-
A measure of the amount of light absorbed by a solution. It is measured by a colorimeter or spectrophotometer. Absorbance values are used to plot the growth of bacteria in suspension cultures and to determine the concentration of molecules in solution. (source: NALT)
- Absorption
-
The taking in or incorporation of a substance. (source: NALT)
The process in which radiated energy is partially or completely retained in the matter which it traverses. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Abutilon
- Abutilon theophrasti
- Acacia
- Acacia aneura
- Acacia aulacocarpa
- Acacia auriculiformis
- Acacia berlandieri
- Acacia caven
- Acacia crassicarpa
- Acacia dealbata
- Acacia holosericea
- Acacia koa
- Acacia mangium
- Acacia mearnsii
- Acacia melanoxylon
- Acacia mellifera
- Acacia nilotica
- Acacia salicina
- Acacia saligna
- Acacia senegal
- Acacia seyal
- Acacia tortilis
- Acalitus
- Acalymma
- Acanthaceae
- Acanthamoeba
- Acanthocephala
- Acanthocheilonema
- Acanthocheilonema viteae
- Acanthopagrus
- Acanthoscelides
- Acanthoscelides obtectus
- Acarapidae
- Acarapis
- Acarapis woodi
- Acaricidal properties
- Acaricides
- Acaridae
- Acarology
- Acarus
- Acarus siro
- Acaulospora
- Acca
- Acca sellowiana
- accident prevention
- Accipitridae
-
Family including eagles, hawks and kites. (source: NALT)
- Acephate
- Acer
- Acer campestre
- Acer japonicum
- Acer negundo
- Acer palmatum
- Acer pictum
- Acer platanoides
- Acer pseudoplatanus
- Acer rubrum
- Acer saccharinum
- Acer saccharum
- Aceria
- Aceria guerreronis
- Aceria tulipae
- Acetaldehyde
-
A widespread, naturally occurring, colorless and flammable liquid with a suffocating smell. Acetaldehyde is found in various plants, ripe fruits, vegetables, cigarette smoke, gasoline and diesel exhaust. This substance is widely used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, dyes and drugs, as a flavoring agent and as an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. Acute exposure to its vapors results in irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Acetaldehyde is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. (NCI05) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Acetates
- Acetic acid
-
A synthetic carboxylic acid with antibacterial and antifungal properties. Although its mechanism of action is not fully known, undissociated acetic acid may enhance lipid solubility allowing increased fatty acid accumulation on the cell membrane or in other cell wall structures. Acetic acid, as a weak acid, can inhibit carbohydrate metabolism resulting in subsequent death of the organism. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- acetic acid bacteria
- Acetoacetic acid
- Acetobacter
- Acetobacteraceae
-
A taxonomic family of bacterium in the phylum Proteobacteria that oxidize ethanol during aerobic fermentation to yield acetic acid. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Acetochlor
- Acetoin
- Acetone
-
A colorless, volatile, flammable organic solvent. Acetone occurs naturally in plants, trees, forest fires, vehicle exhaust and as a breakdown product of animal fat metabolism. This agent may be normally present in very small quantities in urine and blood; larger amounts may be found in the urine and blood of diabetics. Acetone is toxic in high doses. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Acetylation
-
Acetylation involves the covalent linkage of an acetyl group into an organic molecule. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Acetylcholine
- Acetylcholinesterase
- Acetylene
- Achatina
- Achatina fulica
- Acheta
- Acheta domesticus
- Achillea
- Achillea millefolium
- Achlya
- Acholeplasma
- acid deposition
- Acid phosphatase
- Acid soils
-
Soil with a pH less than 7.0. (source: NALT)
- Acidity
- Acidophilus milk
- Acidosis
-
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. (source: NALT)
An abnormally high acidity (excess hydrogen-ion concentration) of the blood and other body tissues. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Acids
- Acidulants
-
An additive added to a product to increase the acidity of the product. Acidulants are often added to food products to increase tartness. (source: NALT)
- Acifluorfen
- Acinetobacter
-
A genus of bacteria within the phylum Proteobacteria consisting of strictly aerobic nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
-
A species of aerobic, Gram negative, rod and cocci shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This bacteria is nonmotile and oxidase negative. A. calcoaceticus is thought to be a commensal organism of the skin and throat but may become pathogenic in patients with underlying conditions, usually causing respiratory infection. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Acinonyx
- Acinonyx jubatus
- Acipenser
- Acipenser transmontanus
- Acipenseridae
- Acipenseriformes
- Aclerdidae
- Aconitic acid
- Aconitum
- Acorus
- Acorus calamus
- Acoustic properties
- acoustics
- Acremonium
- Acrididae
- Acriflavine
- Acrobasis
- Acrobasis nuxvorella
- Acrocarpus
- Acroceras
- Acrocercops
- Acrocomia
- Acrocylindrium
- Acrolepiopsis
- Acrolepiopsis assectella
- Acromyrmex
- Acromyrmex octospinosus
- Acrosome
- Acrosternum
- Acrosternum hilare
- Acrotylus
- Acrylamide
-
A colorless, odorless, crystalline amide that polymerizes rapidly and can form as a byproduct during the heating of starch-rich foods to high temperatures. Acrylamide is used in the production of polymers mainly in the water treatment industry, pulp and paper industry and textile treatment industry and is used as a laboratory reagent. The polymer is nontoxic, but exposure to the monomer can cause central and peripheral nervous system damage resulting in hallucinations, drowsiness and numbness in the hands and legs. Acrylamide is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. (NCI05) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Actin
-
Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with myosins, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle. (source: NALT)
A globular subunit of microfilaments, highly conserved Actin is one of the most abundant proteins in eukaryotic cells. Monomeric actin, a slow ATPase composed of a 375 amino acid polypeptide chain, interacts with one molecule of ATP or ADP and contains high affinity and low affinity binding sites for divalent cations. Actin can quickly assemble into long microfilament polymers. In conjunction with myosin, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Actinides
- Actinidia
- Actinidia chinensis
- Actinidia deliciosa
- Actinidiaceae
- Actinobacillus
-
A genus of anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria and the family Pasteurellaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This bacteria is nonmotile, beta hemolytic and urease and porphyrin positive. Some serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae cause respiratory disease in pigs. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Actinomyces
-
A genus of bacteria within the phylum Actinobacteria consisting of gram-positive bacilli that can be anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Actinomycetales
- Activated carbon
- Activated sludge
-
Sludge that has been aerated and treated with microorganisms in order to accelerate microbial activity and the oxidation (decomposition) of organic compounds. (source: NALT)
- Acuaria
- Acuariidae
- Aculops
- Aculops lycopersici
- Aculus
- Aculus schlechtendali
- acupuncture
-
The practice of piercing specific points on the body with very thin sterile needles in order to relieve pain or induce regional anesthesia. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Acute course
-
Short and relatively severe progression of disease. (source: NALT)
- Acute toxicity
-
Immediate or short-term adverse reaction of an organism to a single exposure to a chemical substance. (source: NALT)
- Acylation
- Acylglycerols
- Acyltransferases
- Acyrthosiphon
- Acyrthosiphon kondoi
- Acyrthosiphon pisum
- Adalia
- Adalia bipunctata
- Adansonia
- Adansonia digitata
- Adaptation
- Additives
-
Substances added to a product, usually in small quantities, in order to alter its characteristics or quality. (source: NALT)
- Adelges
- Adelgidae
- Adelphocoris
- Adelphocoris lineolatus
- Adenanthera
- Adenine
-
A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. (MeSH) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Adeno-associated virus
- Adenoma
-
A neoplasm arising from the epithelium. It may be encapsulated or non-encapsulated but non-invasive. The neoplastic epithelial cells may or may not display cellular atypia or dysplasia. In the gastrointestinal tract, when dysplasia becomes severe it is sometimes called carcinoma in situ. Representative examples are pituitary gland adenoma, follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland, and adenomas (or adenomatous polyps) of the gastrointestinal tract. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Adenosine
-
A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. (MeSH) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Adenoviridae
- Adenylate cyclase
-
Library of Congress sh2002000839
Adenylyl cyclases are membrane-associated enzymes of the lyase class that are expressed in most human tissues. These enzymes catalyze the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP and are regulated by a family of G protein-coupled receptors, protein kinases, and calcium. Adenylyl cyclase is encoded by the ADCY9 gene and widely distributed. It is stimulated by beta-adrenergic receptor activation but is insensitive to forskolin, calcium, and somatostatin. It may play a fundamental role in situations where fine interplay between intracellular Ca(2+) and cAMP determines the cellular function. It also may be a physiologically relevant docking site for calcineurin. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Adhatoda
- Adhesives
-
A substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment. It is a general term and includes cements, mucilage, and paste, as well as glue. (source: NALT)
- Adiantum
- Adipokinetic hormones
-
Peptide hormones produced by some insect species stimulating the release of acylglycerols from the fat body which are used as an energy source by the flight muscles. There are several types of peptides with adipokinetic activity. These peptides are composed of 8-10 amino acids. (source: NALT)
- adipose tissue
-
A specialized form of connective tissue consisting primarily of adipocytes (fat cells), surrounded by a meshwork of collagen fibers. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Adjuvants
-
An ingredient that improves the properties of a drug, vaccine or pesticide formulation. (source: NALT)
- Adonis
- Adonis vernalis
- Adoretus
- Adoxaceae
- Adoxophyes
- Adoxophyes orana
- Adrenal cortex
-
The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. (MeSH) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Adrenal cortex hormones
- Adrenal gland diseases
- Adrenal glands
- Adrenaline
- Adsorbents
-
A substance which has the property of attaching or accumulating another substance on its surface. (source: NALT)
- Adsorption
-
The taking up of one substance onto the surface of another. (source: NALT)
- Adventitious roots
- Aechmea
- Aeciospores
- Aedes
- Aedes aegypti
- Aedes albopictus
- Aedes atropalpus
- Aedes canadensis
- Aedes cantator
- Aedes dorsalis
- Aedes hendersoni
- Aedes melanimon
- Aedes nigromaculis
- Aedes polynesiensis
- Aedes pseudoscutellaris
- Aedes scutellaris
- Aedes sierrensis
- Aedes sollicitans
- Aedes taeniorhynchus
- Aedes togoi
- Aedes triseriatus
- Aedes trivittatus
- Aedes vexans
- Aegilops
- Aegilops crassa
- Aegilops cylindrica
- Aegilops longissima
- Aegilops speltoides
- Aegilops umbellulata
- Aegilops ventricosa
- Aegle
- Aegle marmelos
- Aegyptianella
- Aelia
- Aelurostrongylus
- Aeneolamia
- Aeolothripidae
- Aequoreidae
- aerial parts
- Aerobiosis
-
Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen. (source: NALT)
- Aerococcus
-
A genus of aerobic, Gram positive, cocci shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Firmicutes and the family Aerococcaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Aeromonas
-
A genus of Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria and the family Aeromonadaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Aeromonas hydrophila
-
A species of aerobic or anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This bacteria is motile by polar flagella, oxidase positive, produces Aerolysin Cytotoxic Enterotoxin, hydrolyzes esculin and is beta hemolytic. A. hydrophila is found in freshwater and marine environments and is pathogenic to fish, amphibians, and mammals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Aeromonas salmonicida
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This bacteria is non motile, capable of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, ferments glucose and is generally oxidase positive. A. solmonicida is found in freshwater and marine environments and causes furunculosis in fish and bald sea urchin disease. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Aeschynomene
- Aesculus
- Aesculus hippocastanum
- Aflatoxicosis
- Aflatoxins
- Aframomum
- Aframomum melegueta
- African horse sickness
-
An insect-borne reovirus infection of horses, mules and donkeys in Africa and the Middle East; characterized by pulmonary edema, cardiac involvement, and edema of the head and neck. (source: NALT)
- African horse sickness virus
-
A species of Orbivirus that causes disease in horses, mules, and donkeys and can also infect other animals such as dogs, cattle, sheep, goats and humans. The virus is transmitted by blood-sucking (hematophagous) insects - usually biting midges of the genus Culicoides. (source: NALT)
- African swine fever
-
A sometimes fatal Asfivirus infection of pigs, characterized by fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhagic lymph nodes, and edema of the gallbladder. It is transmitted between domestic swine by direct contact, ingestion of infected meat, or fomites, or mechanically by biting flies or soft ticks (genus Ornithodoros). (source: NALT)
- African swine fever virus
-
A sometimes fatal Asfivirus infection of pigs, characterized by fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhagic lymph nodes, and edema of the gallbladder. It is transmitted between domestic swine by direct contact, ingestion of infected meat, or fomites, or mechanically by biting flies or soft ticks (genus Ornithodoros). (source: NALT)
- African trypanosomiasis
-
A parasitic disorder caused by protozoa of the Trypanosoma brucei species. It is transmitted by flies and is endemic in various regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. Signs and symptoms include fever, joint pain, headache, and significant swelling of the lymph nodes. If left untreated, the parasitic infection causes anemia, heart, kidney, and endocrine failure, and neurologic damage. Subsequently patients develop confusion, disruption of the sleep cycle, and mental deterioration. The infection may lead to coma and death. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Afzelia
- Afzelia africana
- Agama
- Agamidae
- Agapanthus
- Agar
- Agaricales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Agaricus
- Agaricus bisporus
- Agave
- Agave angustifolia
- Agave cantala
- Agave fourcroydes
- Agave sisalana
- Agave tequilana
- Age
-
How long something has existed; elapsed time since birth. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Age structure
- Ageratum
- Ageratum conyzoides
- Agglutination tests
- Agglutinins
- Aglaia
- Aglaonema
- Agonists
- Agoutis
- Agraulis
- Agricultural resources
- Agricultural soils
- Agricultural wastes
- Agrilus
- Agrimonia
- Agriotes
- Agrobacterium
-
Small motile rod bacteria that can reduce nitrates and cause galls on plant stems. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens
-
A species of Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This bacteria is motile by flagella and mediates the horizontal gene transfer of its Ti plasmid to infect plants. A. tumefaciens is commonly found in soil and around the root surfaces of plants and is the causative agent of crown gall disease. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Agrochemicals
- Agroclimatology
- Agrocybe
- agroecology
-
The design, development and management of sustainable agroecosystems based on the application of ecological principles while considering existing social, cultural, and economic factors of farming communities. (source: NALT)
- agroecosystems
-
A system where communities of plants, microbes and animals inhabiting farmed land, pastures, grasslands or rangelands, interact with each other and their physical environment. (source: NALT)
- Agrometeorology
- Agromyza
- Agromyza frontella
- Agromyzidae
- Agronomy
-
The science of crop production and soil management. (source: NALT)
- Agropyron
- Agropyron cristatum
- Agropyron desertorum
- Agrostis
- Agrostis capillaris
- Agrostis castellana
- Agrostis gigantea
- Agrostis stolonifera
- Agrotis
- Agrotis ipsilon
- Agrotis segetum
- Ailanthus
- Ailuropoda
- Aiolopus
- Air
-
A mixture of gases making up the earth’s atmosphere, consisting mainly of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Air flow
-
For the flow and circulation of air in buildings, equipment, etc.; for circulation of gases in the atmosphere, USE atmospheric circulation. (source: NALT)
- air pollution
- Air sacs
- Air temperature
- Aizoaceae
- Ajellomyces
- Ajuga
- Akabane virus
- Akebia
- Alabama (lepidoptera)
- Alachlor
- Alanine
-
A small non-essential amino acid in humans, Alanine is one of the most widely used for protein construction and is involved in the metabolism of tryptophan and vitamin pyridoxine. Alanine is an important source of energy for muscles and central nervous system, strengthens the immune system, helps in the metabolism of sugars and organic acids, and displays a cholesterol-reducing effect in animals. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Alaria
- albendazole
-
A broad-spectrum, synthetic benzimidazole-derivative anthelmintic. Albendazole interferes with the reproduction and survival of helminths by inhibiting the formation of microtubules from tubulin. This leads to an impaired uptake of glucose, a depletion of glycogen stores, and results in the worm’s death. Albendazole is used in the treatment of dog and pork tapeworm-causing diseases, including hydatid disease and neurocysticercosis. Albendazole may also be used to treat a variety of other roundworm infections. (NCI05) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Albizia julibrissin
- Albugo
- Albugo candida
- Albumins
- Alcaligenes
-
A genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Alcaligenaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Alcaligenes faecalis
-
A species of obligately aerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This bacteria is motile, oxidase positive, catalase positive, does not reduce nitrates and degrades urea. A. faecalis is found in soil, water, and fecal matter and is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Alces
- Alcohol dehydrogenase
-
Members of this enzyme family metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- alcohol oxidoreductases
- Alcoholic beverages
- Alcoholic fermentation
- Alcohols
- Aldehydes
- Aldicarb
- Aldoses
- Aldosterone
-
A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. (MeSH) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Aldrin
- Alectoris
- Alectra
- Alectra vogelii
- Aleochara
- Aleochara bilineata
- Aleurites
- Aleurites moluccana
- Aleurocanthus
- Aleurocanthus woglumi
- Aleurodicus
- Aleurone cells
- Aleurone layer
- Aleurothrixus
- Aleurothrixus floccosus
- Aleyrodes
- Aleyrodidae
- Aleyrodoidea
- Algae
-
Includes taxonomic classification of Algae; For common types SEE algae and seaweeds. (source: NALT)
Chlorophyll-containing, mainly aquatic eukaryotic organisms lacking true stems and roots and leaves. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Algicides
-
Pesticides that control algae in lakes, canals, swimming pools, water tanks, and other sites. (source: NALT)
- Alginates
- Algology
- Alismataceae
- Alismatales
- Alkali metals
- Alkali reserve
- Alkaline earth metals
- Alkaline phosphatase
-
An enzyme that catalyses the cleavage of inorganic phosphate non-specifically from a wide variety of phosphate esters and having a high (greater than 8) pH optimum. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Alkaline soils
-
Soil with a pH of more than 7.0. (source: NALT)
- Alkalinity
- Alkalinization
-
A process in which the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is decreased, resulting in an increase in alkalinity. Pharmaceuticals that have the capacity to buffer blood or urine solutes are often classified as alkaline agents. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Alkaloids
- alkanes
- Alkylresorcinols
- Allamanda
- Allantoic acid
- Allantoic fluid
- Allantoin
- Allantonematidae
- alleles
-
Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product. (source: NALT)
- Allelochemicals
-
Chemical substances released by one organism exerting behavioral or physiological effects in another organism, usually adversely. (source: NALT)
- Allelopathy
-
The influence of plants upon each other arising from the products of their metabolism. (source: NALT)
- Allergens
-
Antigen-type substances that produce immediate hypersensitivity. (source: NALT)
- Allethrin
- Alley cropping
-
A cropping system that involves growing crops in a wide strip, typically 6 meters in width, between lines of closely planted, fast-growing trees or shrubs. These woody species are usually leguminous and are pruned frequently to provide a mulching material and nutrients to the crop in the alley. (source: NALT)
- Alligator mississippiensis
- Alligators
- Allium
- Allium ampeloprasum
- Allium caeruleum
- Allium cepa
- Allium fistulosum
- Allium neapolitanum
- Allium roseum
- Allium sativum
-
Garlic plants are closely related to and similar to onions and they have a similar, but stronger odor. The leaves of garlic plants are neither inflated like onion leaves nor tubular like those of bunching onions. Instead, they are flat, with a crease down the middle and are held erect in two opposite ranks. Most varieties stand about 1-2 ft (0.3-0.6 m) tall at maturity. Garlic plants produce an underground bulb that usually is divisible into 6-20 segments, called cloves. Garlic contains compounds that are antibacterial, antifungal and reduce blood clotting. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Allium schoenoprasum
- Allium tuberosum
- Allolobophora
- Allometry
-
The study of the growth rate of a part of an organism in relation to the growth rate of the entire organism, and the resulting change in proportion of various parts as the organism grows. (source: NALT)
- Allomones
- Allophane
- Allorhogas
- Alloys
- Allozymes
-
An isozyme which differs from other variants of the enzyme as a result of an allelic difference. An allozyme differs in amino acid sequence from other forms of the same enzyme and is encoded by one allele at a single locus. (source: NALT)
- Allspice
- Alluvial soils
-
Soils that have developed over time as sediments are deposited by the periodic flooding of streams or rivers. (source: NALT)
- Alluvium
- almond oil
-
The oil extracted from the seed fruits of Prunus amygdalus. Almond oil is typically used as a skin emollient and for massage. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
Reference USDA PLANTS link
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- Almonds
- Alnus
- Alnus cordata
- Alnus glutinosa
- Alnus hirsuta
- Alnus incana
- Alnus japonica
- Alnus nepalensis
- Alnus rubra
- Alocasia
- Alocasia macrorrhiza
- Alopecia
-
Hair loss usually from the scalp. It may result in bald spots or spread to the entire scalp or the entire epidermis. It may be androgenetic or caused by chemotherapeutic agents, compulsive hair pulling, autoimmune disorders, and congenital conditions. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Alopecurus
- Alopecurus myosuroides
- Alopecurus pratensis
- Alopias
- Alosa
- Alosa pseudoharengus
- Aloysia
- Alpacas
- Alpha galactosidase
- Alphavirus
-
A genus of enveloped, spherical, or pleomorphic viruses with T=4 icosahedral symmetry, in the family Togaviridae. The genome is composed of a linear, single-strand of positive sense RNA. Alphaviruses are spread by insect vector, able to infect vertebrates and invertebrates, and cause arthritis, encephalitis, rashes and fever in humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Alphitobius
- Alphitobius diaperinus
- Alpinia
- Alpinia galanga
- Alpinia purpurata
- Alsophila
- Alstonia
- Alstroemeria
- Alternanthera
- Alternanthera philoxeroides
- Alternaria
- Alternaria alternata
- Alternaria brassicae
- Alternaria brassicicola
- Alternaria dauci
- Alternaria helianthi
- Alternaria macrospora
- Alternaria porri
- Alternaria radicina
- Alternaria solani
- Alternative hosts
- Althaea
- Althaea officinalis
- Altica
- Altitude
- Alysicarpus
- Alysicarpus vaginalis
- Alyssum
- Amanita
- Amaranthaceae
- Amaranthus
- Amaranthus caudatus
- Amaranthus cruentus
- Amaranthus dubius
- Amaranthus hypochondriacus
- Amaranthus spinosus
- Amaryllis
- Amblyomma
- Amblyomma americanum
- Amblyomma cajennense
- Amblyomma hebraeum
- Amblyomma maculatum
- Amblyomma variegatum
- Amblyseius
- Amblyseius andersoni
- Amblyseius potentillae
- Ambrosia
- Amelanchier
- Amelanchier canadensis
- American foul brood
- Americium
-
A man-made radioactive element with atomic symbol Am, atomic number 95, and atomic weight 243. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Ametryn
- Amidase
- Amide hydrolases
- Amides
- Amidines
- Amidostomatidae
- Amidostomum
- Amines
- Amino acid metabolism
- amino acid sequences
-
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. (source: NALT)
- Amino acids
- Amino compounds
- Amino nitrogen
- amino sugars
- Aminocarb
- Aminopeptidase
- Amitrole
-
A colorless, odorless crystalline, aromatic amine with a bitter taste. Amitrole is a widely used herbicide for nonfood croplands to control annual and perennial grass type weeds, pondweeds and broad leaf. This substance has a very low acute toxicity in humans and is characterized by skin rash, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and nose bleeds. Amitrole is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. (NCI05) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Amitus
- Ammi
- Ammi visnaga
- Ammodytes
- Ammodytidae
- Ammonia
-
A colorless inorganic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3, usually in gaseous form with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia is irritating to the skin, eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. It is essential for many biological processes and has various industrial applications. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Ammonification
- Ammonium chloride
-
A systemic and urinary acidifying salt. Ammonium chloride helps maintain pH and exerts a mild diuretic effect. This acid forming salt also exerts an expectorant effect by irritating the mucous membranes and is used for alleviation of cough. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Ammonium compounds
-
Inorganic and organic compounds that contain the ion NH4+. (source: NALT)
- ammonium fertilizers
- Ammonium nitrate
- Ammonium nitrogen
- Ammonium phosphate
- Amnion
-
The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. (MeSH) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Amniotic fluid
-
The fluid within the amniotic cavity which surrounds and protects the developing embryo. It is initially produced by the amnion and then later by the lungs and kidneys. The amount at term normally varies from 500 to 2000 ml. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Amoeba
- Amoebida
- Amomum
- Amorpha
- Amorpha fruticosa
- Amorphophallus
- Amorphotheca
- Ampelomyces
- Ampelomyces quisqualis
- Amphibia
-
Includes taxonomic classification of Amphibia; For common types SEE amphibians. (source: NALT)
- amphibians
-
Includes common types of amphibians; For taxonomic classification SEE Amphibia. (source: NALT)
- Amphimallon
- Amphipoda
- Amphorophora
- Ampicillin
-
Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic. (source: NALT)
A broad-spectrum, semi-synthetic, beta-lactam penicillin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Ampicillin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This interrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis and results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis. Ampicillin is stable against hydrolysis by a variety of beta-lactamases, therefore, can be used in wide range of gram-positive and -negative infections. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Amprolium
- Amputation
-
The surgical removal of all or part of a limb or other appendage. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Amrasca
- Amrasca biguttula
- Amsacta
- Amyelois
- Amyelois transitella
- Amygdalin
-
A cyanogenic glucoside isolated from almonds and seeds of other plants of the family Rosaceae. Amygdalin is converted by plant emulsin (a combination of a glucosidase and a nitrilase) or hydrochloric acid into benzaldehyde, D-glucose, and hydrocyanic acid. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Amylases
- Amyloidosis
-
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of amyloid. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits. (source: NALT)
A disorder characterized by the localized or diffuse accumulation of amyloid protein in various anatomic sites. It may be primary, due to clonal plasma cell proliferations; secondary, due to long standing infections, chronic inflammatory disorders, or malignancies; or familial. It may affect the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys and adrenal glands. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Amylopectin
- Amyloplast
-
Unpigmented plastids in plant cytoplasm involved in starch synthesis and storage. (source: NALT)
- Amylose
- Anabaena
- Anabaena azollae
- Anabaena cylindrica
- Anabantidae
- Anabas testudineus
- Anabasine
- Anabasis
- anabolic steroids
- Anacanthotermes
- Anacardiaceae
- Anacardium
- Anacardium occidentale
- Anadara
- Anadara granosa
- Anaerobiosis
-
The production of energy from nutrients without using oxygen. (source: NALT)
- Anagrus
- Anagyrus
- Analgesics
- Analytical chemistry
-
The branch of chemistry that deals with the quantitative and qualitative identification of substances. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ananas
- Ananas comosus
- Anaphes
- Anaplasma
-
A genus of bacteria that is vectored by ticks, biting flies and other fomites to cause disease in canids, humans, and ruminants. (source: NALT)
- Anaplasma marginale
- Anaplasmosis
- Anarhichadidae
- Anarhichas
- Anarsia
- Anarsia lineatella
- Anas
- Anastatus
- Anastrepha
- Anastrepha fraterculus
- Anastrepha ludens
- Anastrepha suspensa
- Anatidae
- Ancestry
- Anchovies
- Ancylostoma
- Ancylostoma caninum
- Ancylostomatidae
- Andrena
- Andricus
- Androecium
- Androgenesis
-
the development of an embryo from a fertilized egg that only involves the paternal chromosomes from the male nucleus. (source: NALT)
- androgens
- Andropogon
- Andropogon gayanus
- Andropogon gerardii
- Andropogon virginicus
- Androstenedione
-
A steroid hormone synthesized by the adrenal glands and the gonads from either 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone or dehydroepiandrosterone and is a precursor of testosterone. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Anemone
- Anethum
- Anethum graveolens
- Aneuploids
-
The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of chromosomes, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy, the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy, the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy, the addition of a single chromosome is trisomy. (source: NALT)
- Aneurysm
-
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel or the heart. It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics. (source: NALT)
Bulging or ballooning in an area of an artery secondary to arterial wall weakening. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Angelica
- Angelica archangelica
- Angiostrongylidae
- Angiostrongylus
- Angiostrongylus vasorum
- Angiotensin
-
Oligopeptides which are important in the regulation of blood pressure (vasoconstriction) and fluid homeostasis via the renin-angiotensin system. (source: NALT)
Expressed in liver by human AGT Gene (Serpin Family), secreted 485-aa 53-kDa Angiotensinogen is cleaved by renin (in response to lowered blood pressure) to inactive decapeptide Angiotensin I, which is cleaved by ACE to generate active octapeptide vasopressor Angiotensin II (maintains blood pressure and regulates the volume and mineral balance of body fluids). Angiotensin II is cleaved to Angiotensin III heptapeptide, an aldosterone stimulant. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Anguilla anguilla
- Anguilla japonica
- Anguillicola
- Anguillicolidae
- Anguillidae
- Anguilliformes
- Anguillospora
- Anguina
- Anguina tritici
- Anguinidae
- Aniba
- Anilides
- Animal anatomy
-
Includes human anatomy. (source: NALT)
- Animal breeding
- Animal cuticle
- Animal diseases
- animal ecology
- Animal feeding
- animal genetic resources
- animal genetics
-
The study of genetic traits in animals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Animal glands
- Animal health
- Animal housing
- animal husbandry
-
The science of breeding and caring for farm animals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- animal morphology
- animal nutrition
- Animal pathology
- Animal performance
- Animal physiology
- Animal production
- Animal products
- Animal protein
- Animal sciences
- Animal sex organs
-
The external and internal organs related to reproduction. (source: NALT)
- Animal tissues
- animal welfare
-
The sum or integration of an animal’s past and present states of well-being as it attempts to cope with its environment; and human values concerning the social or ethical aspects of providing that environment. (source: NALT)
- Animalia
-
Includes taxonomic classification of Animalia; For common types SEE animals. (source: NALT)
- animals
-
Includes common types of animals; For taxonomic classification SEE Animalia. (source: NALT)
- Anion exchange capacity
- Anions
- Anisakidae
- Anisakis
- Anise
- Anisoptera (Dipterocarpaceae)
- Anisotremus
- Ankylosis
-
Fixation and immobility of a joint. (source: NALT)
- Annelida
- Annona
- Annona cherimola
- Annona senegalensis
- Annona squamosa
- Annonaceae
- Annual weeds
- Annuals
- Anobiidae
- Anobium
- Anogeissus
- Anolis
- Anomala
- Anomala cuprea
- Anopheles
- Anopheles albimanus
- Anopheles arabiensis
- Anopheles crucians
- Anopheles culicifacies
- Anopheles farauti
- Anopheles freeborni
- Anopheles gambiae
- Anopheles quadrimaculatus
- Anopheles stephensi
- Anoplocephala
- Anoplocephalidae
- Anoplopoma
- Anoplopoma fimbria
- Anoplopomatidae
- Anoplura
- Anorexia
-
Use for the uncontrolled lack or loss of the appetite for food; for the eating disorder characterized by the misperception of body image USE anorexia nervosa. (source: NALT)
Loss of appetite. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Anseriformes
- Antelopes
- Anthelmintics
-
Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of helminthiasis in man and animal. (source: NALT)
- Anthemis
- Antheraea
- Antheraea mylitta
- Antheraea pernyi
- Antheraea polyphemus
- antheraxanthin
- Anthers
-
pollen-bearing portion of the stamen. (source: NALT)
- Anthocoridae
- Anthocoris
- Anthocoris nemoralis
- Anthocoris nemorum
- Anthocyanidins
- Anthocyanins
- Anthomyiidae
- Anthonomus
- Anthonomus grandis
- Anthoxanthum
- Anthozoa
- Anthraquinones
- Anthrenus
- Anthribidae
- Anthriscus
- Anthriscus cerefolium
- Anthurium
- Anthurium andraeanum
- Anthyllis
- Anthyllis vulneraria
- Antibiosis
-
A relationship between two organisms in which one is harmful to the other, or between an organism and an antibiotic produced by the other. (source: NALT)
- Antibiotic residues
- antibiotics
-
Chemical substances produced by microorganisms or synthetically that inhibit the growth of, or destroy, bacteria. Antibiotics are used at therapeutic levels to fight disease in humans and animals. Since the 1950s they have been used at subtherapeutic levels in animal feeds to enhance growth and prevent disease in livestock and poultry. (source: NALT)
- Antibloat agents
- antibodies
- Antibody formation
- Anticarsia
- Anticarsia gemmatalis
- Anticoagulants
- Antidesma
- Antiemetics
- Antifeedants
- Antifungal properties
- Antigastra
- Antigastra catalaunalis
- antigen antibody reactions
- Antigens
- Antihypertensive agents
- Antimicrobial agents
- Antimicrobial properties
- Antimony
-
An element with atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.76. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Antineoplastic agents
- Antinutritional factors
- Antioxidants
- Antiprotozoal agents
- Antipyretics
- Antirrhinum
- Antiseptics
- Antitranspirants
- Antitrogus
- Antlers
- Anura
- Anus
-
The lower opening of the digestive tract, lying in the cleft between the buttocks, through which fecal matter is extruded. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Aonidiella
- Aonidiella aurantii
- aorta
-
The major arterial trunk that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle into the ascending aorta behind the heart, the aortic arch, through the thorax as the descending aorta and through the abdomen as the abdominal aorta; it bifurcates into the left and right common iliac arteries. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Apamea
- Apanteles
- Apera
- Apera interrupta
- Apera spica venti
- Aphalaridae
- Aphanomyces
- Aphanomyces astaci
- Aphanomyces cochlioides
- Aphanomyces euteiches
- Aphelenchidae
- Aphelenchoides
- Aphelenchoides besseyi
- Aphelenchoides fragariae
- Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
- Aphelenchoididae
- Aphelenchus
- Aphelenchus avenae
- Aphelinidae
- Aphelinus
- Aphelinus mali
- Aphididae
- Aphidius
- Aphidius ervi
- Aphidius matricariae
- Aphidius rhopalosiphi
- Aphidius smithi
- Aphidoidea
- Aphidoletes
- Aphidoletes aphidimyza
- Aphis craccivora
- Aphis fabae
- Aphis glycines
- Aphis gossypii
- Aphis nasturtii
- Aphis nerii
- Aphis pomi
- Aphis spiraecola
- Aphodius
- Aphrophoridae
- Aphthona
- Aphthovirus
-
A genus of the family Picornaviridae infecting mainly cloven-hoofed animals. They cause vesicular lesions and upper respiratory tract infections. Foot and mouth disease virus is the type species. (source: NALT)
A genus of non-enveloped, spherical viruses with T=pseudo3 icosahedral capsid, in the family Picornaviridae. The genome is composed of a linear, single-strand of positive sense, naked RNA. Aphthoviruses are found in cloven-hooved animals and cause foot-and-mouth disease in humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Aphytis
- Aphytis melinus
- Apiales
- Apical meristems
- Apidae
- Apigenin
- Apiognomonia
- Apion
- Apios
- Apios americana
- Apiospora
- Apis
- Apis cerana
- Apis dorsata
- Apis florea
- Apis mellifera
- Apis mellifera adansonii
- Apis mellifera capensis
- Apis mellifera carnica
- Apis mellifera ligustica
- Apis mellifera mellifera
- Apis mellifera scutellata
- Apium
- Apium graveolens
- Aplocheilidae
- Aplodinotus
- Aplodinotus grunniens
- Apnea
-
Transient cessation of respiration. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Apoanagyrus
- Apoanagyrus lopezi
- Apocynaceae
- Apodemus
- Apodiformes
- Apomixis
-
Biological reproduction without fertilization, meiosis, or production of gametes, resulting in seeds that are genetically identical to the parent plant. (source: NALT)
- Aponogetonaceae
- Apoproteins
- apoptosis
-
A form of programmed cell death that begins when a cell receives internal or external signals, then proceeds through a series of characteristic stages typically including rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopods, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), and plasma membrane blebbing, and ends with the death of the cell. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Aporrectodea
- Aporrectodea caliginosa
- Appetite
-
The natural recurring desire for food. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Apple juice
- Apples
- Apramycin
-
An antibiotic complex and broad-spectrum antibiotic substance of nebramycin complex produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. (source: NALT)
- Apricots
- Aquatic insects
- Aquatic organisms
- Aquatic plants
-
Plants that grow in water either floating on the surface, growing up from the bottom of the body of water or growing under the surface of the water. (source: NALT)
- Aquatic weeds
- aquifers
- Aquifoliaceae
- Aquilegia
- Arabidopsis
- Arabidopsis thaliana
- Arabinose
- Arable soils
- Araceae
- Arachidonic acid
-
An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.(ChemID Plus) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Arachis
- Arachis glabrata
- Arachis pintoi
- Arachnida
- Arachnis
- Aradidae
- Aradus
- Araecerus
- Aralia
- Araliaceae
- Aranda
- Araneae
- Araneidae
- Araucaria
- Araucaria angustifolia
- Araucaria araucana
- Araucaria cunninghamii
- Araucaria heterophylla
- Araucariaceae
- Arboreta
- Arboriculture
- arboviruses
-
Arthropod-borne viruses. A non-taxonomic designation for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. (source: NALT)
- Arbutus
- Arbutus menziesii
- Arbutus unedo
- Arceuthobium
- Archips
- Archips podanus
- Archytas
- Arcidae
- Arctiidae
- Areca
- Areca catechu
- Arecaceae
- Arecales
- Arecoline
- Arenga
- Argania
- Argania spinosa
- Argas
- Argas arboreus
- Argasidae
- Argemone
- Argemone mexicana
- Argidae
- Arginase
- Arginine
-
The hydrochloride salt form of arginine, an essential amino acid in juvenile humans. Arginine is a complex amino acid, often found at active sites in proteins and enzymes due to its amine-containing side chain. Arginine may prevent or treat heart and circulatory diseases, combat fatigue, and stimulate the immune system. It also boosts production of nitric oxide, relaxing blood vessels, and treating angina and other cardiovascular problems. Arginine is also an important intermediate in the urea cycle and in detoxification of nitrogenous wastes. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
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- Argopecten
- Argopecten irradians
- Argopecten purpuratus
- Argopecten ventricosus
- Argyresthia
- Argyrosomus
- Argyrotaenia
- Argyrotaenia velutinana
- Arid soils
- Arid zones
-
Dry climatic type with less than 10 inches of precipitation per year. (source: NALT)
- Ariidae
- Aristida
- Aristolochia
- Aristolochiaceae
- Arius
- Armadillidium
- Armillaria
- Armillaria mellea
- Armillaria ostoyae
- Armoracia
- Armoracia rusticana
- Arnica
- Arnica chamissonis
- Arnica montana
- Aromatic compounds
-
Historically, the term “aromatic” originally referred to the smell of selected compounds that later were found to contain benzene or fused benzene rings in the structure. In a structural sense, it designates compounds that, in accordance with the theory of Huckel, have a cyclic, delocalized (4n+2) pi-electron system. This includes arenes and their substitution products (e.g., benzene, naphthalene, toluene). The term has been generalized to include aromatic heterocyclic structures, such as thiophene and pyridine, but it is more precise to call compounds of the latter type heteroaromatic. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Aromatic hydrocarbons
- Aronia
- Aronia melanocarpa
- Arracacia
- Arracacia xanthorrhiza
- Arrhenatherum
- Arrhenatherum elatius
- Arrhythmia
-
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or myocardial contraction. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in heart rate, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction. (source: NALT)
Any variation from the normal rate or rhythm (which may include the origin of the impulse and/or its subsequent propagation) in the heart. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- arrowroot
- arsenates
- Arsenic
-
An element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 74.92. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- arsenites
- Artabotrys
- Artabotrys hexapetalus
- Artemia
- Artemia franciscana
- Artemia salina
- Artemiidae
- Artemisia
- Artemisia absinthium
- Artemisia annua
- Artemisia dracunculus
- Artemisia nova
- Artemisia tridentata
- Artemisia vulgaris
- Artemisinin
- Arteries
-
The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. (source: NALT)
- Arteritis
-
An inflammatory process affecting an artery. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Arteriviridae
- Arterivirus
- Arthritis
-
An inflammatory process affecting a joint. Causes include infection, autoimmune processes, degenerative processes, and trauma. Signs and symptoms may include swelling around the affected joint and pain. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Arthrobacter
-
Library of Congress sh86006604
A genus of obligately aerobic, Gram positive, coccobacilli shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Actinobacteria and the family Micrococcaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Arthrobotrys
- Arthroderma
- Arthropoda
-
Includes taxonomic classification of Arthropoda; For common types SEE arthropods. (source: NALT)
The taxonomic phylum whose members are invertebrates with hard exoskeletons and segmented joints. Organisms in this phylum include the Arachnids, Centipedes, Crustaceans, Insects and the extinct Trilobites. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Artificial insemination
-
The delivery of semen into the uterus of the female animal usually by injection with a syringe-like apparatus for the purpose of achieving fertilization and sexual reproduction. (source: NALT)
Introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract by artificial means in order to achieve fertilization. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Artificial seeds
- artificial selection
- Artificial sweeteners
-
Chemical formulations added to impart sweetness; for food products used as bulk sweeteners instead of sugar USE sugar substitutes (source: NALT)
- Artiodactyla
-
The taxonomic order of mammals that includes even-toed ungulates such as pigs, cows, goats and sheep. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Artocarpus
- Artocarpus altilis
- Artocarpus heterophyllus
- Arum
- Arundina
- Arundinaria
- Arundo
- Arvicolinae
- Asbestos
-
One of a number of fibrous magnesium and calcium silicate minerals processed for thermal insulation and fireproofing. Asbestos is considered to be an environmental carcinogen; chronic inhalation of fine asbestos dust causes pulmonary asbestosis and may induce lung neoplasms. Chronic ingestion of asbestos may induce gastrointestinal neoplasms. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ascariasis
- Ascaridia
- Ascaridia galli
- Ascarididae
- Ascaris
- Ascaris lumbricoides
- Ascaris suum
- Ascarops
- Ascetospora
- Aschersonia
- Ascites
-
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. (source: NALT)
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The fluid may be serous, hemorrhagic, or the result of tumor metastasis to the peritoneum. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ascochyta
- Ascochyta fabae
- Ascochyta pisi
- Ascochyta rabiei
- Ascogaster
- Ascorbate oxidase
- Ascorbic acid
-
A natural water-soluble vitamin (Vitamin C). Ascorbic acid is a potent reducing and antioxidant agent that functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen in fibrous tissue, teeth, bones, connective tissue, skin, and capillaries. Found in citrus and other fruits, and in vegetables, vitamin C cannot be produced or stored by humans and must be obtained in the diet. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Ascosphaera
- Ascosphaera apis
- Ascospores
- Asellus
- Asexual reproduction
- Ash content
- Asimina triloba
- Asparagine
-
A non-essential amino acid in humans, Asparagine is a beta-amido derivative of aspartic acid and plays an important role in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and other proteins. A metabolic precursor to aspartate, Asparagine is a nontoxic carrier of residual ammonia to be eliminated from the body. Asparagine acts as diuretic. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
- Asparagus officinalis
- Asparagus setaceus
- Asparagus spears
- Aspartame
- Aspartic acid
-
A non-essential amino acid in humans, Aspartic Acid has an overall negative charge and plays an important role in the synthesis of other amino acids and in the citric acid and urea cycles. Asparagine, arginine, lysine, methionine, isoleucine, and some nucleotides are synthesized from aspartic acid. Aspartic acid also serves as a neurotransmitter. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Aspergillosis
- Aspergillus
-
A genus of highly aerobic fungi in the phylum Ascomycota that grow as molds on the surface of a substrate. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Aspergillus awamori
- Aspergillus flavus
-
A species of mold fungus in the phylum Ascomycota that is associated with aspergillosis of the lungs. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Aspergillus fumigatus
-
A species of mold fungus in the phylum Ascomycota with a stable haploid genome, no known sexual cycle, and that reproduces by forming conidiospores that are released into the environment. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Aspergillus niger
-
A species of mold fungus in the phylum Ascomycota that is ubiquitous in the environment. They are generally considered asexual, although forms that reproduce sexually have been found. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Aspergillus oryzae
- Aspergillus parasiticus
- Aspergillus terreus
- Aspergillus versicolor
- Asphondylia
- asphyxia
-
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. (source: NALT)
A state of general hypoxia and hypercapnea, resulting in acidosis, which affects all tissues in the body. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Aspidiotus
- Aspidiotus nerii
- Aspidistra
- Aspidosperma
- Asplenium
- Asses
- assortative mating
- Astacidae
- Astacus
- Astacus astacus
- Astacus leptodactylus
- Astaxanthin
- Aster
- Asterales
- Asteroidea
- Asterolecaniidae
- Asterolecanium
- Asthma
-
A chronic respiratory disease manifested as difficulty breathing due to the narrowing of bronchial passageways. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Astigmata
- Astragalus
- Astragalus cicer
- Astragalus sinicus
- Astrebla
- Astrocaryum
- Asulam
- Atalantia
- Athalia
- Athelia
- Atheresthes
- Atherigona
- Atherigona soccata
- Atherina
- Atherinidae
- Atheriniformes
- Atmosphere
- Atmospheric circulation
-
For the circulation of gases in the atmosphere; for the flow and circulation of air in buildings, equipment, etc. USE air flow. (source: NALT)
- atmospheric deposition
-
The process by which chemical substances, such as pollutants, are transferred from the atmosphere to the earth’s surface. (source: NALT)
- Atmospheric disturbances
- Atmospheric pressure
- Atmospheric sciences
- Atomaria
- Atopy
-
A genetic predisposition to form IgE antibodies in response to exposure to allergens and therefore, for the development of immediate (type I) hypersensitivity and atopic conditions, such as allergic rhinitis; bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy. Mutations of specific alleles on the long arm of chromosome 5 have been associated with higher levels of IL-4 and IgE and are known as IL-4 promoter polymorphisms. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Atrazine
- Atriplex
- Atriplex canescens
- Atriplex confertifolia
- Atriplex hortensis
- Atriplex nummularia
- Atropa
- Atropa belladonna
- Atrophy
-
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. (source: NALT)
Any weakening or degeneration, especially through lack of use. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Atropine
-
A synthetically-derived form of the endogenous alkaloid isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna. Atropine functions as a sympathetic, competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby abolishing the effects of parasympathetic stimulation. This agent may induce tachycardia, inhibit secretions, and relax smooth muscles. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Atta
- Atta cephalotes
- Atta sexdens
- Attagenus
- Attalea
- Attelabidae
- attractants
- Auchenorrhyncha
- Aulacaspis
- Aulacophora
- Aulacorthum
- Aulacorthum solani
- Aureobasidium
- Aureobasidium pullulans
- Auriculariales
-
Rank of Order, Agaricomycetes incertae sedis, not placed in any subclass, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Autoantigens
- Autographa
- Autographa californica
- Autographa gamma
- Autoimmune diseases
- Autoimmunity
- Autolysis
-
The destruction of organism cells or tissues by the organism’s own enzymes or processes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Autonomic nervous system
-
The part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- autosomes
- Autumn
-
The season between the autumnal equinox and the winter solstice. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Auxins
- Avalanches
- Avena barbata
- Avena fatua
- Avena nuda
- Avena sativa
- Avena sterilis
- Avermectins
- Averrhoa
- Aves
-
Includes taxonomic classification of Aves; For common types SEE birds. (source: NALT)
- Aviadenovirus
- Avian encephalomyelitis virus
-
A tentative species in the genus Hepatovirus infecting primarily young chicks, but also found in turkeys, pheasants, and guinea fowl. It causes a fatal neuronal degeneration and is transmitted by mechanical contact. (source: NALT)
- avian influenza
-
An Influenza A viral infection of wild birds or domestic fowl, certain strains of which cause high mortality in poultry. (source: NALT)
- Avian leukosis
- Avian malaria
- Avian paramyxovirus
- Aviaries
- aviary birds
- Avicennia
- Avicides
- aviculture
- Avidin
-
A biotin-binding protein from egg albumen. (source: NALT)
- Avipoxvirus
- Avocados
- Avoparcin
-
Glycopeptide antibiotic from Streptomyces candidus; antibiotic growth promoter for improving growth rates and feed conversion efficiency of broiler chickens and pigs. (source: NALT)
- Axonopus
- Azadirachta
- Azadirachta indica
- Azadirachtin
- Azides
- Azines
- Azinphos-ethyl
- Azinphos-methyl
- Azo dyes
- Azoles
- Azolla
- Azolla pinnata
- Azomonas
- Azorhizobium
- Azospirillum
- Azospirillum brasilense
- Azotobacter
- Azotobacter vinelandii
- Azteca
- B-lymphocytes
- Babesia
- Babesia bigemina
- Babesia bovis
- Babesia caballi
- Babesia canis
- Babesia divergens
- Babesia gibsoni
- Babesia microti
- Babesia ovis
- Babesia rodhaini
- Babesiosis
-
A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoa of the genus Babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism’s natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick Ixodes scapularis. (source: NALT)
A parasitic infection caused by Babesia. It is transmitted by ticks and infects the red blood cells. Signs and symptoms include fever, fatigue and hemolytic anemia. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Baccharis
- Bacillariophyceae
- Bacillus anthracis
-
A species of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Firmicutes. This species is nonmotile, spore forming, and catalase positive, hydrolyzes casein, starch and gelatin, reduces nitrate, is penicillin susceptible but cephalosporin resistant, gamma phage sensitive, has absent or delayed hemolysis and the capsule can be visualized using M’Faydean’s stain. B. anthracis is found in most soil, causes Anthrax in humans and animals, has been utilized as a biological weapon and both a veterinary and human vaccine exists. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Bacillus cereus
-
A species of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Firmicutes. This species is motile, spore forming, and catalase positive, hydrolyzes casein, starch, and gelatin, and produces the toxin cereulide. B. cereus is found in soil and associated with diarrheal and emetic forms of food-borne illness as well as opportunistic infections in both humans and domestic animals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Bacillus circulans
- Bacillus coagulans
- Bacillus licheniformis
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Firmicutes. This species is motile, spore forming, catalase positive, reduces nitrate, and hydrolyzes casein, gelatin, starch and esculin. B. licheniformis is found in soil, and is a food contaminant which pathogenic to both humans and animals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bacillus megaterium
-
A species of aerobic, Gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Firmicutes. This species is motile, spore forming, catalase positive, hydrolyzes casein, gelatin and starch, does not reduce nitrate, and utilizes citrate as its only carbon source. B. megaterium is found in soil and cow feces, associated with food-borne illness, pathogenic to humans and used to produce antimicrobial compounds. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bacillus sphaericus
- Bacillus stearothermophilus
- Bacillus subtilis
-
A species of aerobic, Gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Firmicutes. This species is motile, spore forming, catalase and superoxide dismutase positive, indole negative, and reduces nitrate, hydrolyzes starch, and does not ferment glucose or lactose. B. subtilis is found in the soil and is used in the commercial production of enzymes and antimicrobial compounds, for testing sterilization techniques and can be used as a probiotic in healthy individuals, but can be pathogenic in those that are immunocompromised. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Bacillus thuringiensis
- Bacitracin
-
A complex of cyclic peptide antibiotics produced by the Tracy-I strain of Bacillus subtilis. The commercial preparation is a mixture of at least nine bacitracins with bacitracin A as the major constituent. It is used topically to treat open infections such as infected eczema and infected dermal ulcers. (source: NALT)
A complex of cyclic polypeptide antibiotics, mainly bacitracin A, produced by spore-forming organisms belonging to the licheniformin group of the Bacillus subtilis with antibacterial activity. Bacitracin binds to C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a biphosphate lipid transport molecule that carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall. The binding interferes with the enzymatic dephosphorylation of the C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate and prevents peptidoglycan synthesis, thereby inhibiting bacterial cell growth. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Back
-
The dorsal area between the base of the neck and the sacrum. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Backcrossing
- Backfat
- Bacopa
- Bacopa monnieri
- Bacteria
-
Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that reproduce by cell division and usually have cell walls; can be shaped like spheres, rods or spirals and can be found in virtually any environment. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bacterial antigens
- Bacterial insecticides
- bacterial proteins
- Bacterial spores
- Bacterial toxins
-
Toxins or poisonous substances produced by bacteria. (source: NALT)
- Bacteriocins
-
Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. They are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria. (source: NALT)
- Bacteriology
-
The branch of science that studies bacteria, especially in relation to medicine and agriculture. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bacteriophages
-
Viruses whose host are bacterial cells. (source: NALT)
- Bacteroidaceae
-
A taxonomic family of bacterium, in the phylum Bacteroidetes, which is usually found in the mucous membranes and alimentary tract of mammals. It includes the genera Bacteroides and Acetomicrobium, among others. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bacteroides
-
A genus of bacteria within the phylum Bacteroidetes consisting of gram-negative bacilli or cocco-bacilli that comprise a major portion of the human normal flora, predominating in the intestinal tract. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bactrian camels
- Bactris
- Bactris gasipaes
- Bactrocera
- Bactrocera cucurbitae
- Bactrocera dorsalis
- Bactrocera latifrons
- Bactrocera oleae
- Bactrocera tryoni
- Baculoviridae
-
A family of double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate in lepidopteran larvae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Badgers
- Bagasse
- Bagridae
- Baikiaea
- Baikiaea plurijuga
- Baking
- Balaena
- Balaenidae
- Balaenopteridae
- Balanidae
- Balanites
- Balanites aegyptiaca
- Balanophoraceae
- Balantidium
- Balanus
- Balistes
- Balistidae
- Balsaminaceae
- Bambermycin
-
Antibiotic complex obtained from Streptomyces bambergiensis containing mainly Moenomycins A and C. They are used as feed additives and growth promoters for poultry, swine, and cattle. (source: NALT)
- Bambusa
- Bambusa vulgaris
- Banana bunchy top virus
- Bananas
- Bandicota
- Bandicota bengalensis
- Bangiaceae
- Banisteriopsis
- Banisteriopsis caapi
- Banksia
- Baphia
- Barban
- Barbiturates
- Barbus
- Barium
-
An element with atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 137. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Bark
- Barleria
- Barley
-
Use for barley in general; For barley as an animal feed, USE feed barley; For barley used for malting USE malting barley. (source: NALT)
- Barley straw
- Barley yellow mosaic virus
- Barrows
-
Male hogs that have been castrated before reaching sexual maturity. (source: NALT)
- Bartonella
-
A genus of aerobic, Gram-negative, rod shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria and the family Bartonellaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bartonella henselae
-
A species of aerobic, Gram-negative, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is non-motile, oxidase, catalase, indole, and urease negative and is nonhemolytic. B. henselae is the primary agent of cat scratch disease. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Basal metabolism
-
the basic essential metabolic processes required to keep the body alive, healthy and, where applicable, growing. (source: NALT)
- Basalt
- Basaltic soils
- Basella
- Basella alba
- Basellaceae
- Basidiobolus
- Basidiospores
- Basil
- Basin irrigation
-
An irrigation system in which a field or orchard is divided into basins which are filled with water. (source: NALT)
- Basophils
- Bathyplectes
- Bathyplectes anurus
- Bathyplectes curculionis
- batters
- Battery cages
- Battery husbandry
- Bauhinia purpurea
- Bauhinia variegata
- Beaches
- Beak
- Bean sprouts
-
The edible seedlings of bean plants, especially those of the mung bean. (source: NALT)
- beans
- Beauveria
- Beauveria bassiana
- Bedding plants
- Beef
-
Use for the meat of bovine animals; for the bovine animals raised for their meat USE beef cattle. (source: NALT)
The meat of domestic cattle. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Beef cattle
-
Use for the bovine animals raised for their meat; for the meat of bovine animals USE beef. (source: NALT)
- Beers
-
A fermented, carbonated, alcoholic beverage containing one-half of 1 percent or more of alcohol by volume. Generally brewed from malt (mostly barley malt), hops (for flavoring) and water. Other cereals such as corn and rice may be used. (source: NALT)
- Beet pulp
- Beet sugar
- Begonia
- Begonia hiemalis
- Begoniaceae
- Belonolaimidae
- Belonolaimus
- Belonolaimus longicaudatus
- Bembidion
- Bemisia
- Bemisia argentifolii
- Bemisia tabaci
- Benazolin
- Bendiocarb
- Beneficial organisms
- Benfuracarb
- Benincasa
- Benincasa hispida
- Benodanil
- Benomyl
- Bensulfuron
- Bentonite
- Benzaldehyde
-
A color liquid aldehyde with an almond odor. Benzaldehyde is found in many foods and is widely used in the chemical industry. In the chemical industry, this agent is used in the preparation of various aniline dyes, perfumes, flavorings, and pharmaceuticals. In addition, benzaldehyde has been associated with amygdalin (laetrile), since one of amygdalins breakdown products is benzaldehyde. (NCI) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Benzalkonium chloride
- Benzene
-
A clear, colorless, highly flammable and volatile, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon with a gasoline-like odor. Benzene is found in crude oils and as a by-product of oil-refining processes. In industry benzene is used as a solvent, as a chemical intermediate, and is used in the synthesis of numerous chemicals. Exposure to this substance causes neurological symptoms and affects the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia, excessive bleeding and damage to the immune system. Benzene is a known human carcinogen and is linked to an increased risk of developing lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers, acute myelogenous leukemia, as well as chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (NCI05) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Benzimidazoles
- Benzoates
- Benzoic acid
- Benzopyrene
- Benzoylphenylureas
- Benzylpenicillin
-
A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on gamma-aminobutyric acid mediated synaptic transmission. (source: NALT)
- Berberidaceae
- Berberis
- Bergamot orange
- Bergenia
- Bertholletia
- Bertholletia excelsa
- Beryciformes
- Beryllium
-
AN element with atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01 Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Berytidae
- Besnoitia
- Beta
- Beta galactosidase
- Beta glucosidase
- Beta vulgaris
- Betaine
- Betel
-
A masticatory (also known as betel quid) used in India and Southeast Asia, consisting of a piece of Areca nut (sometimes inaccurately called the betel nut) rolled up with mineral lime in a leaf of Piper betle (betel leaf). It is a stimulant and astringent, with a wide range of medicinal properties. (source: NALT)
- Bethylidae
- Betula
- Betula alleghaniensis
- Betula maximowicziana
- Betula nana
- Betula nigra
- Betula papyrifera
- Betula pendula
- Betula platyphylla
- Betula pubescens
- Betulaceae
- Beverages
- Bibionidae
- Bicarbonates
-
Includes inorganic salts and bicarbonate ions. (source: NALT)
- Bidens pilosa
- Bidyanus bidyanus
- Biennials
- Bifidobacterium
-
A genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive, bifid shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Actinobacteria and the family Bifidobacteriaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- bigleaf maple
- Bignoniaceae
- Bile
-
Fluid composed of waste products, bile acids, salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It is secreted by the liver parenchyma and stored in the gallbladder. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bile acids
- Bile ducts
- Bile salts
- Bilirubin
-
A dark orange, yellow pigment that is the product of the breakdown of iron in the blood; it is conjugated in the liver and excreted in the bile. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Binding proteins
-
Use for proteins which bind other substances such as ions, sugars, nucleic acids or amino acids; For binding proteins which bind to a substance and provide transport in the blood plasma or cell membrane USE transport proteins. (source: NALT)
- Bioaccumulation
-
The net accumulation of a substance by an organism as a result of uptake from and or all routes of exposure. (source: NALT)
- Bioavailability
-
The availability of a substance to be taken up and used by living biological organisms. (source: NALT)
The rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action. For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action (21CFR320.1). Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Biochemical compounds
- Biochemical pathways
- Biochemical polymorphism
-
Biochemical variations found in different individuals in a species, or within an individual organism. (source: NALT)
- biochemistry
-
The study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bioclimatology
-
The effects of climate on living organisms. (source: NALT)
- Biodegradability
- Biodegradation
- Biodiversity
- Bioenergy
-
The term “bioenergy” means biomass used in the production of energy (electricity; liquid, solid, and gaseous fuels; and heat). (source: NALT)
- Biofuels
- Biogas
- Biogenic amines
- biogeochemical cycle
- Biogeography
-
The study of the distribution of organisms around the globe, and the factors that influence that distribution. (source: NALT)
- Bioinformatics
-
A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. (source: NALT)
Bioinformatics derives knowledge from computer analysis of biological data. These can consist of the information stored in the genetic code, but also experimental results from various sources, patient statistics, and scientific literature. Research in bioinformatics includes method development for storage, retrieval, and analysis of the data. Bioinformatics is a rapidly developing branch of biology and is highly interdisciplinary, using techniques and concepts from informatics, statistics, mathematics, chemistry, biochemistry, physics, and linguistics. It has many practical applications in different areas of biology and medicine. (M. Nilges and Jens P. Linge, Unite de Bio-informatique Structurale, Institut Pasteur, Paris) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Biolistics
-
Techniques where DNA is delivered directly into organelles at high speed using projectiles coated with nucleic acid, shot from a helium-powered gun (gene gun). (source: NALT)
- Biological activity in soil
- Biological competition
-
The simultaneous demand by two or more organisms or species for a necessary resource in their environment (e.g., nutrients, space, water). (source: NALT)
- Biological control
- Biological control agents
- biological development
- Biological resources
- Biological rhythms
- biomass
-
The total amount of organic matter present in an organism, population, ecosystem or given area. (source: NALT)
- Biomphalaria
- Biomphalaria glabrata
- Biopesticides
-
Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, microorgnisms, and certain minerals. (source: NALT)
- Biophysics
-
Physics as applied to biological problems; an interdisciplinary science that applies theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Biopolymers
- Biopsy
-
The removal of tissue specimens or fluid from the living body for microscopic examination, performed to establish a diagnosis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bioremediation
- Bioresmethrin
- Biosafety
- Biosteres
- Biosynthesis
-
Used for the anabolic formation of chemical substances in organisms, in living cells, or by subcellular fractions. (source: NALT)
Formation of a chemical compound by enzymes, either in the organism (in vivo) or by fragments or extracts of cells (in vitro). Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Biosynthesis
-
Used for the anabolic formation of chemical substances in organisms, in living cells, or by subcellular fractions. (source: NALT)
Formation of a chemical compound by enzymes, either in the organism (in vivo) or by fragments or extracts of cells (in vitro). Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Biotin
-
Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Biotite
- biotopes
- Biotypes
-
Populations of organisms sharing an identical genotype. (source: NALT)
- Biphenyl
- Bipolaris
- Bird control
- Bird diseases
-
Use for diseases of birds; For diseases of chickens, turkeys and other birds raised for their meat or eggs for human consumption USE poultry diseases. (source: NALT)
- birds
-
Includes common types of birds; For birds as livestock USE poultry; For taxonomic classification SEE Aves. (source: NALT)
- Birth rate
-
The ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area, expressed per 1000 people in the population per year. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Birth weight
-
In humans, the weight of a neonate measured within one hour after birth. The factors influencing the birth weight include but not limited to infant sex, racial and ethnic group, maternal size and health status, concurrent diseases, parity, and nutrition, pregnancy environment and conditions, e.g. altitude of geographic area. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Biscuits
- Bismuth
-
An element with atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83, and atomic weight 208.98. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Bison
-
Use for the American bison; for the domesticated Asian water buffalo USE buffaloes; for the wild African buffalo USE Syncerus caffer. (source: NALT)
- Bitertanol
- Bitter pit
-
Pits developing on apple fruits which result in a bitter tasting apple. The cause is due to a deficiency of calcium and/or an excess of potassium or magnesium within the apple fruit itself, and not necessarily due to soil fertility or whole plant nutrient status. (source: NALT)
- Bivalvia
- Bixa
- Bixa orellana
- Bixaceae
- Bjerkandera
- Blaberidae
- Blaberus
- Blaberus craniifer
- Blaberus discoidalis
- Black currants
- Blackberries
- Bladder
-
The distensible sac-like organ that functions as a reservoir of urine, collecting from the kidneys and eliminating via the urethra. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Blastocystis
- Blastomyces
- Blatta
- Blatta orientalis
- Blattaria
- Blattella
- Blattella germanica
- Blattellidae
- Blattidae
- Blighia
- Blighia sapida
- Blight
- Blindness
-
The lack of vision. It is caused by neurological or physiological factors. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Blissus
- Blissus insularis
- Blissus leucopterus
- Bloat
-
A severe distension of the abdomen caused by gas; usually in ruminant animals. The problem is greatest with sudden access to lush pastures or vegetative stage alfalfa–foods that are too easily digested. (source: NALT)
- blood
-
A liquid tissue; its major function is to transport oxygen throughout the body. It also supplies the tissues with nutrients, removes waste products, and contains various components of the immune system defending the body against infection. Several hormones also travel in the blood. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Blood cells
- Blood circulation
-
The movement of blood to and from the heart and to the rest of the body’s organs, tissues, and cells through the network of arteries, veins, and capillaries. (NCI) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Blood coagulation
- Blood composition
- Blood gases
- Blood group antigens
-
Sets of cell surface antigens located on blood cells. They are usually membrane glycoproteins or glycolipids that are antigenically distinguished by their carbohydrate moieties. (source: NALT)
- blood groups
-
The genetically determined classification of blood based on the presence or absence of different antigens located on erythrocytes. (source: NALT)
- Blood lipids
- Blood meal
-
Meal produced from fresh animal blood which is high in lysine content (about 9% of the crude protein.) Use for the dried, ground animal blood that is made into meal; for the blood meals of hematophagous organisms USE hematophagy. (source: NALT)
- blood pH
- Blood plasma
- Blood pressure
-
The pressure of the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Blood protein disorders
- Blood proteins
-
Proteins that are present in blood serum, including serum albumin; blood coagulation factors; and many other types of proteins. (source: NALT)
- Blood sampling
- Blood serum
- Blood veins
- Blood vessels
- Blood volume
-
Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. (source: NALT)
- Blueberries
- Bluetongue
-
An arthropod-borne reoviral infection, chiefly of sheep but also affecting cattle and wild ruminants, characterized by a swollen blue tongue and often by inflammation of sensitive laminae of the feet and coronet. (source: NALT)
- Bluetongue virus
-
The type species of Orbivirus causing a serious disease in sheep, especially lambs. It may also infect wild ruminants and other domestic animals. (source: NALT)
- Blumea
- Blumeria
- Blumeriella
- Boars
-
An adult, uncastrated male pig, typically weighing about 500 pounds. (source: NALT)
- body cavities
- body condition
- body conformation
- body fluids
- body measurements
-
For animals; for humans USE anthropometric measurements. (source: NALT)
- body regions
- body size
-
Use for animals; for humans USE anthropometric measurements. (source: NALT)
- body temperature
- body water
- body weight
-
The measure of the weight of a person’s body in standard units, such as pound or kilogram. (NCI) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Boehmeria
- Boehmeria nivea
- Bog soils
- Bogs
-
Wetlands that accumulate appreciable peat deposits. Bogs depend primarily on precipitation for their water source, and are usually acidic and rich in plant residue with a conspicuous mat of living green moss. (source: NALT)
- Boidae
- Boiling point
- Boletales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Boletus
- Bolting
- Bombax
- Bombus
- Bombus terrestris
- Bombycidae
- Bombyliidae
- Bombyx
- Bombyx mori
- Bonamia ostreae
- Bone diseases
- Bone formation
- Bone marrow
-
The tissue occupying the spaces of bone. It consists of blood vessel sinuses and a network of hematopoietic cells which give rise to the red cells, white cells, and megakaryocytes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bone meal
-
Animal meal produced from bones that are steamed under pressure and then ground. It contains 1.5-2.5% nitrogen, 12-15% phosphorus, and 20-34% calcium. (source: NALT)
- Bones
- Boning
- Bonnemaisoniaceae
- Bonsai
-
The art and practice of growing miniature trees, shrubs or landscapes in shallow trays or pots by rigorous training techniques and pruning of roots and branches. (source: NALT)
- Boophilus
- Boophilus annulatus
- Boophilus decoloratus
- Boophilus microplus
- Borage
- Boraginaceae
- Borago officinalis
-
The oil extracted from the seeds of Borago officinalis. Borage oil has anti-inflammatory properties and is used in skincare preparations. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
Reference USDA PLANTS link
- Borassus
- Borassus flabellifer
- Borates
- Borax
- Border disease
-
Congenital disorder of sheep and goats caused by Border disease virus. The disease is characterized by infertility, abortion and abnormalities in lambs. (source: NALT)
- Border irrigation
-
An irrigation system for sloping land in which parallel levees are built and the area between (source: NALT)
- Bordetella
-
A genus of aerobic, Gram-negative, coccobacilli shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria and the family Alcaligenaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bordetella avium
-
A species of strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, capsulated rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile using 5 to 8 peritrichous flagella, oxidase, urease, and indole negative, does not reduce nitrate, and does not hydrolyze esculin or gelatin. B. avium is found in avian species where it causes bordetellosis, but is nonpathogenic in humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
-
A species of aerobic, Gram-negative, coccobacilli shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile and urease positive in MIU culture media, oxidase, catalase, and citrate positive, indole negative, does not produce hydrogen sulfide and sodium citrate is its only carbon source B. bronchispetica is found in the respiratory tract of domestic and wild animals where it is pathogenic, but rarely is found in humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Boreal forests
-
General term for northern coniferous forests. (source: NALT)
- Boreogadus
- Boric acid
-
A weakly acidic hydrate of boric oxide with mild antiseptic, antifungal, and antiviral properties. The exact mechanism of action of boric acid is unknown; generally cytotoxic to all cells. It is used in the treatment of yeast infections and cold sores. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Borna disease
-
Library of Congress sh2002000829
An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by Borna disease virus. (source: NALT)
- Borna disease virus
- Boron
-
An element with atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 11. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Borrelia
-
A genus of aerobic, Gram-negative, spiral shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Spirochaetes and the family Spirochaetaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Borrelia burgdorferi
-
A species of bacteria within the phylum Spirochaetes that is the causative agent of Lyme disease. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Bos javanicus
- Bostrichidae
- Botanical composition
-
The percentage of plant species that comprise a plant community. (source: NALT)
- Botanical gardens
- Botanical insecticides
- Botanical pesticides
- Botany
-
Botany; the branch of biology that studies plants. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bothidae
- Bothriocephalidae
- Bothriocephalus
- Bothriochloa
- Bothriochloa insculpta
- Bothriochloa ischaemum
- Botryococcus
- Botryodiplodia
- Botryodiplodia theobromae
- Botryosphaeria
- Botryosphaeria dothidea
- Botryosphaeria obtusa
- Botrytis
- Botrytis allii
- Botrytis cinerea
- Botrytis fabae
- Botrytis tulipae
- Bottomland soils
- Botulism
-
A serious bacterial infection caused by botulinum toxin which is produced by Clostridium botulinum. Patients are infected usually by ingestion of contaminated food or wound contamination. It leads to muscle paralysis which may result in respiratory failure. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bougainvillea
- Bouteloua
- Bouteloua curtipendula
- Bouteloua gracilis
- Bouvardia
- Bovicola
- Bovicola bovis
- Bovidae
-
Taxonomic family which includes domestic cattle, goats, and sheep. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bovine adenovirus
- Bovine ephemeral fever virus
- Bovine herpesvirus
- Bovine immunodeficiency virus
- Bovine mastitis
-
An infection and inflammation of the udder in cows. (source: NALT)
- Bovine papillomavirus
-
Bovine papillomavirus is no longer valid in the 8th Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. Use for indexing only when the specific type is not known. (source: NALT)
A group of double-stranded DNA viruses that cause warts on the skin and alimentary track of cattle and other mammals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
-
A transmissible encephalopathy of cattle characterized by a spongiform structure of the brain tissue, and associated with abnormal prion proteins in the brain. (source: NALT)
-
Acute disease of cattle caused by the bovine viral diarrhea viruses. Often mouth ulcerations are the only sign but fever, diarrhea, drop in milk yield, and loss of appetite are also seen. Severity of clinical disease varies and is strain dependent. Outbreaks are characterized by low morbidity and high mortality. (source: NALT)
- bowstring hemp
- Brachycaudus
- Brachycaudus helichrysi
- Brachycolus
- Brachycorynella
- Brachycorynella asparagi
- Brachymeria
- Brachymeria intermedia
- Brachystegia
- Brackish water
- Bracon
- Bracon hebetor
- Bracon mellitor
- Braconidae
- Bracts
- Bradykinin
-
A nonapeptide kinin and neuropeptide involved in blood pressure regulation and pain receptor stimulation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Bradyrhizobium
- Bradyrhizobium japonicum
- Bradysia
- Brain
-
An organ composed of grey and white matter containing billions of neurons that is the center for intelligence and reasoning. It is protected by the bony cranium. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Braising
- Brama
- Bramidae
- Bran
- Branches
- Branching
- Branchiomyces
- Branchiopoda
- Branchwood
- Brassica
- Brassica carinata
- Brassica napus
- Brassica nigra
- Brassica oleracea
- brassinolide
- Brassinosteroids
- Braula
- Braulidae
- Brazil nuts
- Breadmaking
- Breakfast cereals
- Bream
- Breast feeding
-
Use for feeding human infants by breast; for the production of milk by humans USE human lactation (source: NALT)
The nursing of an infant at the mother’s breast. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- breeding
-
The production of animals or plants by selective pairing. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Breeding lines
- breeding methods
- Breeding seasons
- Breeding stock
-
Plants or animals used in breeding, selected for traits desired in producing the next generation. (source: NALT)
- breeding value
-
The calculated value expressing the ability of a parent to pass on superior traits to its offspring and is used for ranking breeding performance of the parent relative to the population average. (source: NALT)
- Bremia
- Bremia lactucae
- Brevibacterium
-
A genus of aerobic, Gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Actinobacteria and the family Brevibacteriaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Brevibacterium linens
- Brevicoryne
- Brevicoryne brassicae
- Brevipalpus
- Brevipalpus phoenicis
- Brevoortia
- Brevoortia tyrannus
- Brewers grains
- Brewing
- Bridelia
- Broadleaved evergreen forests
- Broccoli
- Brochothrix
- Brochothrix thermosphacta
- Brodifacoum
- Broiling
- Bromacil
- Bromadiolone
- Bromates
- Bromeliaceae
- Bromides
- Bromine
- Bromofos
- Bromoviruses
- Bromoxynil
- Bromus
- Bromus inermis
- Bromus tectorum
- Bronchi
- Bronchitis
-
An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the bronchi. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
-
Chronic lung disease requiring treatment with oxygen for at least 28 days and with a spectrum of severity from mild to severe, that predominantly affects premature infants. While the radiologic pattern is typical in the closer to term patient, the pattern in the small preterm infant is very non-discrete and variable. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Brooders
-
A heated enclosure for raising chicks or other baby animals. (source: NALT)
- Broodiness
- Brosimum
- Brosimum alicastrum
- Broussonetia
- Broussonetia papyrifera
- Browsing
-
Feeding on sprouts, twigs, stems, vines and leaves of shrubs or trees by livestock and wildlife. (source: NALT)
- Brucella
-
A genus of aerobic, Gram-negative, coccobacilli shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria and the family Brucellaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Brucella melitensis
-
A species of aerobic, Gram-negative, coccobacilli shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is nonmotile, non-spore forming, catalase, oxidase and urease positive, reduces nitrates, does not produce hydrogen sulfide, grows in both basic fuchsin and thionine, and is negative for Tiblisi and Weybridge phage lysis. B. melitensis is found in goats and sheep and is pathogenic to these species as well as causes brucellosis in humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Brucellosis
-
A contagious disease usually occurring in beef and dairy cattle, but also in sheep, pigs and other mammals which causes abortion. In humans the disease is known as undulant fever. (source: NALT)
A gram negative bacterial infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. Humans are infected by ingesting unpasteurized milk or meat from infected animals. Signs and symptoms include fevers, sweating, weakness, headache, muscle pain, arthritis and anemia. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Bruchidae
- Bruchidius
- Bruchidius atrolineatus
- Bruchophagus
- Bruchophagus roddi
- Bruchus
- Bruchus pisorum
- Brugia
- Brugia malayi
- Brugia pahangi
- Bruguiera
- Brush control
- Brussels sprouts
- Bryobia
- Bryology
- Bryopsidales
- Bubulcus ibis
- Bucculatrix
- Bucculatrix thurberiella
- Bucephalidae
- Buckwheat
- Bud initiation
- Buddleja
- Buds
- Buffalo meat
- Buffalo milk
- Buffering capacity
- buffers
- Bulbophyllum
- Bulbs
- Bulgur
- Bulking agents
-
Agents or additives added to increase the weight or volume without imparting any functionality or utility. (source: NALT)
- bullock’s heart
- Bulls
-
Library of Congress sh85017968
Male mammals that have reached sexual maturity, usually referring to domestic cattle, buffaloes and other bovines, but also to elephants, camels, moose, seals and other species. (source: NALT)
- Bunostomum
- Bunyaviridae
- Bupalus
- Bupalus piniarius
- Bupleurum
- Buprestidae
- Buprofezin
- Buried soils
- Burkholderiaceae
-
A taxonomic family of bacterium in the phylum Proteobacteria that may cause wilt and rot in a number of plant species. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Burning
-
Use for the state of being on fire; For intentional burning as a management practice USE prescribed burning; For chemical reaction with oxygen producing heat USE combustion. (source: NALT)
- Bursaphelenchus
- Bursaphelenchus mucronatus
- Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
- Bursera
- Burseraceae
- Bursitis
-
Painful inflammation of the bursa. It most often affects the hips, shoulders, and elbows. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Busseola
- Busseola fusca
- Butanol
- Buthidazole
- Butomaceae
- Butralin
- Butter
- Butter oil
-
A dairy product made from cream or butter containing at least 99.5% milk fat and 0.20% moisture. (source: NALT)
- Buttermilk
-
Natural buttermilk is the byproduct of churning cream into butter. Cultured buttermilk is usually made from skim milk by adding a starter culture and incubating until lactic acid develops to about 0.8%. (source: NALT)
- Butylate
- Butyrates
- Butyric acid
-
A saturated short-chain fatty acid with a 4-carbon backbone. Butyric acid is commonly found in esterified form in animal fats and plant oils. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Butyrivibrio
- Buxaceae
- Buxus
- Byssochlamys
- Byturidae
- C3 plants
-
Plants in which the CO2 is initially fixed by the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis. (source: NALT)
- C4 plants
-
Plants where the initial carbon fixation occurs in the outer mesophyll cells, and the Calvin cycle occurs in the inner bundle sheath cells. (source: NALT)
- Cacoecimorpha
- Cacopsylla
- Cacopsylla pyri
- Cacopsylla pyricola
- Cactaceae
- Cactodera
- Cadaverine
- Cadmium
-
An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.4. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Cadra
- Cadra cautella
- Caenorhabditis
- Caenorhabditis elegans
-
Dbpedia Caenorhabditis elegans
A roundworm of the phylum Nematoda often utilized as a biological model system for research. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Caesalpinia
- Caesalpinioideae
-
Caesalpinioideae holds the rank of subfamily under the family Fabaceae. (source: NALT)
- Caffeic acid
- caffeine
-
A naturally occurring xanthine derivative with central nervous system (CNS) stimulating activity. Due to the structural similarity to adenosine, caffeine binds to and blocks adenosine receptors, thereby preventing the inhibitory effects of adenosine on nerve cells. This leads to stimulation of medullary, vagal, vasomotor, and respiratory centers in the brain; and the release of epinephrine. Physiologic responses can include bradycardia, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, CNS excitablility, increased respiratory rate, increased blood pressure, increased blood flow to muscles, decreased blood flow to skin and inner organs, and release of glucose by the liver. Due to the interaction between adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors, caffeine can also indirectly increase the levels of dopamine in the brain. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Cages
- Cairina
- Cajanus
- Cajanus cajan
- Cakes
- Caladium
- Caladium bicolor
- Calamagrostis
- Calathea
- calbindin
-
One of two related proteins that are involved in the absorption of calcium in the intestine and kidney. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Calcareous soils
- Calceolaria
- Calcinosis
-
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues. (source: NALT)
- Calcite
- Calcitonin
-
A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. (source: NALT)
Encoded by human CALCA Gene (Calcitonin Family), 32-aa 3.4-kD secreted Calcitonin polypeptide hormone is cleaved from a large polyprotein precursor synthesized by thyroid parafollicular ‘C’ cells. Opposite to the effect of PTH, Calcitonin induces a rapid drop in blood calcium and phosphate level by promoting bone incorporation. (NCI) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Calcium
-
An element with atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40.08. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Calcium ammonium nitrate
- Calcium binding proteins
- Calcium carbonate
-
The carbonic salt of calcium (CaCO3). Calcium carbonate is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis, as an antacid in gastric hyperacidity for temporary relief of indigestion and heartburn, and as a calcium supplement for preventing and treating osteoporosis. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Calcium chloride
-
A crystalline, white substance, soluble in water, Calcium Chloride is the chloride salt of calcium, a bivalent metallic element with many crucial biological roles. Calcium is a major constituent of the skeleton but plays many roles as an intracellular and plasma ion as well. In medicine, calcium chloride is also used as a 10% solution in injection, for calcium replenishment. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Calcium cyanamide
- Calcium fertilizers
- Calcium hydroxide
- Calcium nitrate
- Calcium oxide
- Calcium phosphates
- Calendula officinalis
- Cales
- Caliciviridae
- Calliandra
- Calliandra calothyrsus
- Callicarpa
- Callinectes
- Callinectes sapidus
- Calliphora
- Calliphora vicina
- Calliphoridae
- Calliptamus
- Callistemon
- Callistephus
- Callistephus chinensis
- Callitrichidae
- Callorhinus
- Callosobruchus
- Callosobruchus chinensis
- Callosobruchus maculatus
- Calluna
- Calluna vulgaris
- Callus
- Calmodulin
-
Calmodulin (149 aa, 17 kD) is a cell communication protein that is encoded by the human CALM1 gene and has a role in the G protein-coupled receptor protein signaling (and other signaling) pathways. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Calocybe
- Calonectria
- Calophyllum
- calopo
- Calopogonium
- Calosoma
- Calothrix
- Calotropis
- Calotropis gigantea
- Calotropis procera
- calpain
-
A class of calcium-dependent thiol-proteases that proteolytically cleave a wide variety of cytoskeletal, membrane-associated, and regulatory proteins. There are two main isoforms of the protein, which differ in their calcium requirement for activation. These enzymes have been linked to both acute and chronic neurodegenerative processes, such as: ischemia, trauma, and Alzheimer’s disease. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Calvatia
- Calvatia gigantea
- Calves
-
Young mammals that have not reached sexual maturity, usually referring to domestic cattle, buffalos and other bovines, but also to elephants, camels, moose, giraffes, whales, seals and other species. (source: NALT)
- Calvin cycle
-
A light-independent, biochemical reaction that uses ATP and NADPH to fix the carbon in six CO2 molecules to form one glucose molecule. (source: NALT)
- Calving rate
-
The number of cows that calve divided by the number of cows mated, usually pertaining to the herd and not the number of matings for an individual. (source: NALT)
- Calycanthaceae
- Calystegia
- Calyx
- Cambaridae
- Cambarus
- Cambium
-
A thin layer of tissue between the bark and wood that repeatedly subdivides to form new wood and bark cells. (source: NALT)
- Camel meat
- Camel milk
- Camelidae
- Camelina
- Camelina sativa
- Camellia
- Camellia sinensis
-
The plant species whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce tea. White tea, Green, oolong and black tea are all harvested from this species, but are processed to attain different levels of oxidation. Camellia sinensis is native to mainland South and Southeast Asia, but is today cultivated across the world, in tropical and subtropical regions. It is an evergreen shrub or small tree that is usually trimmed to below two metres (six feet) when cultivated for its leaves. It has a strong taproot. The flowers are yellow-white, 2.5-4 cm in diameter, with 7 to 8 petals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
Reference USDA PLANTS link
- Camels
- Cameraria ohridella
- Campanula
- Campanulaceae
- Campesterol
-
A steroid derivative that is the simplest sterol, characterized by the hydroxyl group in position C-3 of the steroid skeleton, and saturated bonds throughout the sterol structure, with the exception of the 5-6 double bond in the B ring. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Camphor
- Campoletis
- Campoletis sonorensis
- Camponotus
- Camptochironomus
- Campylobacter
-
A genus of gram-negative, microaerophilic, spiral bacteria. They are motile, with either uni- or bi-polar flagella and are oxidase-positive. Several species of Campylobacter have been implicated in human disease. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Campylobacter coli
-
A species of microaerophilic, Gram-negative, curved or spiral bacilli assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile with a single flagellum at each pole, non-spore forming, oxidase positive, and does not hydrolyze hippurate. C. coli is commensal in pigs, associated with indigenously acquired food borne disease, and recognized as the second most common pathogen for human campylobacteriosis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Campylobacter fetus
-
A species of microaerophilic, Gram-negative, curved or spiral bacilli assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile using a single polar flagellum, oxidase positive, catalase positive, indole negative, reduces nitrates, and does not produce hydrogen sulfide. C. fetus is an opportunistic microbe that causes bacteremia, thrombophlebitis, septicemia, and is a suspected pathogen in immunocompromised patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. In sheep and cattle this bacterium is known to cause abortions, infertility, enteritis and bovine genital campylobacteriosis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Campylobacter hyointestinalis
- Campylobacter jejuni
-
A species of microaerophilic, Gram-negative, curved or spiral bacilli assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile with a flagellum at each pole, non-spore forming, oxidase positive, and hydrolyzes hippurate. C. jejuni is the most common pathogen in the United States causing bacterial diarrhea and gastroenteritis and is also linked to Guillain Barre syndrome. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Canada goldenrod
- canaries
- Canarium
- Cancer (genus)
- Cancer irroratus
- Cancer magister
- Cancer pagurus
- Cancridae
- Candida
-
A genus of yeasts in the phylum Ascomycota. Many species of this genus are endosymbionts of animal hosts. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Candida albicans
-
A species of diploid fungus in the phylum Ascomycota which is capable of mating but not of meiosis, and is a causal agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Candida cylindracea
- Candida guilliermondii
- Candida kefyr
- Candida maltosa
- Candida parapsilosis
-
A species of yeast in the genus Candida. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Candida rugosa
-
A dimorphic yeast in the phylum Ascomycota. This species is ovoid, ellipsoidal or cylindrical shaped, and forms pseudohyphae. The lipase produced by this yeast is used commercially in biotransformation to catalyze hydrolysis reactions, especially for the production of ricinoleic acid. C. rugosa is also a human pathogen and can cause fungemia, with reduced susceptibility to the azole antifungal agents. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Candida tropicalis
-
A species of asexual diploid yeast in the genus Candida. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Candida utilis
- Candidiasis
- Cane sugar
- Canidae
-
Taxonomic family which includes the domestic dog, wolves and foxes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Canine adenovirus
- Canine distemper
- Canis
- Canis lupus
- Canna
- Canna indica
- Cannabis
- Cannabis sativa
- Cannaceae
- Canned fish
- Canned fruits
- Canned meat
- Canned vegetables
- Cannibalism
- Canopy
-
The more or less continuous layer of vegetation formed by the foliage and branches of plants. (source: NALT)
- Cantharellales
-
Rank of Order, Agaricomycetes incertae sedis, not placed in any subclass, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Cantharellus
- Cantharidae
- Canthaxanthin
- Capillaria hepatica
- Capillariasis
- Capparidaceae
- Capparis
- Capparis spinosa
- Capra
- Capra ibex
- Capreolus
- Caprifoliaceae
- Caprine arthritis encephalit virus
- Caprine herpesvirus
- Capripoxvirus
- Capsaicin
-
A chili pepper extract with analgesic properties. Capsaicin is a neuropeptide releasing agent selective for primary sensory peripheral neurons. Used topically, capsaicin aids in controlling peripheral nerve pain. This agent has been used experimentally to manipulate substance P and other tachykinins. In addition, capsaicin may be useful in controlling chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced mucositis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Capsella
- Capsella bursa pastoris
- Capsicum
- Capsicum annuum
- Capsicum baccatum
- Capsicum chinense
- Captafol
- Captan
- capture of animals
- Carabidae
- Caragana
- Carangidae
- Caranx
- Carassius
- Carassius auratus
- Caraway
- Carbachol
-
A synthetic choline ester and a positively charged quaternary ammonium compound. Carbachol is a parasympathomimetic that mimics the effect of acetylcholine on both the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. This drug is administered ocularly to induce miosis to reduce intraocular pressure in the treatment of glaucoma. Carbachol is also used to stimulate micturition by contraction of detrusor muscle. This drug may cause hypotension, bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, bronchospasm, and abdominal cramps. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Carbadox
-
An antibacterial agent used in swine. Carbadox is a mutagen/carcinogen and has been banned in Canada, Australia, and the European Union. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Carbamates
- Carbaryl
- Carbendazim
-
A broad-spectrum benzimidazole antifungal with potential antimitotic and antineoplastic activities. Although the exact mechanism of action is unclear, carbendazim appears to binds to an unspecified site on tubulin and suppresses microtubule assembly dynamic. This results in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and an induction of apoptosis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Carbetamide
- Carbofuran
- Carbohydrate content
- Carbohydrate metabolism
-
Processes concerned with the synthesis, breakdown, and oxidation of carbohydrates in the tissues. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Carbohydrates
- carbon dioxide
-
A colorless, odorless, incombustible gas resulting from the oxidation of carbon. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Carbon monoxide
-
An odorless, tasteless, poisonous gas, CO, that results from the incomplete combustion of carbon. Inhalation causes central nervous system damage and asphyxiation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Carbon tetrachloride
-
A clear, colorless, volatile and very stable chlorinated hydrocarbon. Carbon Tetrachloride is used as a solvent for oils and fats, as a refrigerant and as a dry-cleaning agent. Inhalation of its vapors can depress central nervous system activity and cause degeneration of the liver and kidneys. Carbon Tetrachloride is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. (NCI05) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Carbonate dehydratase
- Carbonated beverages
-
Beverages, including water infused with gases, such as carbon dioxide. (source: NALT)
- Carbonates
- Carbonyl compounds
- Carbosulfan
- Carboxin
- Carboxylesterase
-
A family of enzymes that hydrolyze carboxylic esters. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Carboxylic acids
- Carboxylic ester hydrolases
- Carcass composition
- carcass disposal
- Carcharhinidae
- Carcharhinus
- Carcinogenesis
-
The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. (source: NALT)
A pathological process in which normal cells are transformed into malignant cancer cells within a primary tumor. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Carcinogens
- Carcinoma
-
A malignant tumor arising from epithelial cells. Carcinomas that arise from glandular epithelium are called adenocarcinomas, those that arise from squamous epithelium are called squamous cell carcinomas, and those that arise from transitional epithelium are called transitional cell carcinomas. Morphologically, the malignant epithelial cells may display abnormal mitotic figures, anaplasia, and necrosis. Carcinomas are graded by the degree of cellular differentiation as well, moderately, or poorly differentiated. Carcinomas invade the surrounding tissues and tend to metastasize to other anatomic sites. Lung carcinoma, skin carcinoma, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma, and prostate carcinoma are the most frequently seen carcinomas. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Carcinus
- Carcinus maenas
- Cardiac glycosides
-
Any of several glycosides obtained chiefly from plant sources such as the foxglove, used medicinally to increase the force of contraction of heart muscle and to regulate heartbeats. (source: NALT)
- Cardiac muscle
-
The muscle tissue of the heart. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow. Use for the heart as tissue; for the heart as a whole USE heart. (source: NALT)
- Cardiidae
- cardiomyopathy
-
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the cardiac muscle itself. (source: NALT)
A disease of the heart muscle or myocardium proper. Cardiomyopathies may be classified as either primary or secondary, on the basis of etiology, or on the pathophysiology of the lesion: hypertrophic, dilated, or restrictive. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cardiovascular agents
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Cardiovascular system
-
Relating to the heart and the blood vessels or the circulation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- cardoons
-
A pale green vegetable that resembles celery and artichoke in flavor. (source: NALT)
- Carduus
- Carduus acanthoides
- Carduus nutans
- Caretta
- Caretta caretta
- Carex
- Carica
- Carica papaya
- Caricaceae
- Carissa
- Carissa macrocarpa
- Carlaviruses
- Carmovirus
- Carnitine
-
An amino acid derivative. Carnitine facilitates long-chain fatty acid entry into mitochondria, delivering substrate for oxidation and subsequent energy production. Fatty acids are utilized as an energy substrate in all tissues except the brain. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Carnivora
-
A diverse taxonomic order of placental mammals that includes bears, dogs, cats, and ferrets. Carnivora are primarily meat eaters, however bears are omnivorous and herbivorous pandas may consume fish and insects. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Carnivorous plants
- Carnobacterium
- Carnobacterium piscicola
- Carotenes
- Carotenoids
- Carp
- Carpinus
- Carpinus betulus
- Carpoglyphidae
- Carpophilus
- Carpophilus hemipterus
- Carposina
- Carposinidae
- Carpus
- Carrageenans
- carrier state
- Carrots
- carrying capacity
-
The maximum population that may be sustained in an ecosystem or management unit without adverse effects to the environment. (source: NALT)
- Carthamus
- Carthamus lanatus
- Carthamus tinctorius
- Cartilage
-
A type of connective tissue composed of chondrocytes and an extracellular matrix, composed of collagen, elastin, and ground substance. There are three types of cartilage; namely elastic, hyaline, and fibrocartilage. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Carum
- Carum carvi
- Carvone
- Carya
- Caryedon
- Caryocar
- Caryocaraceae
- Caryophyllaceae
- Caryophyllales
- Caryopteris
- Caryota
- Casein
- Caseinates
- Caseous lymphadenitis
- Cash crops
- Casimiroa
- Casimiroa edulis
- Cassia
- Cassia fistula
- Cassida
- Cassie flower
- Cassipourea
- cassowaries
- Castanea
- Castanea crenata
- Castanea dentata
- Castanea mollissima
- Castanea sativa
- Castanopsis
- Castilla beans
- Castor beans
- castor oil
-
A vegetable oil pressed from the seeds of the castor bean, Ricinus communis. Castor oil has many industrial applications and is used medicinally as a laxative and as an excipient. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
Reference USDA PLANTS link
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- castration
-
The surgical removal or other physical destruction of the testes of a male animal, e.g. using elastrator bands on male lambs or piglets. Use for surgical or other physical destruction of the testes; For male sterilization by other means USE antifertility effect AND male fertility. (source: NALT)
- Casuariiformes
- Casuarina cunninghamiana
- Casuarina equisetifolia
- Casuarinaceae
- Catalase
-
Catalase (527 aa, ~60 kDa) is encoded by the human CAT gene. This protein plays a role in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Catalpa
- Catalysts
- Catananche
- Cataract
-
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. (source: NALT)
Partial or complete opacity of the crystalline lens of one or both eyes that decreases visual acuity and eventually results in blindness. Some cataracts appear in infancy or in childhood, but most develop in older individuals. (Sternberg Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed.) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Catasetum
- Catch crops
-
A quick growing crop, planted and harvested between two regular crops. (source: NALT)
- Catechin
- Catechol oxidase
- Catecholamines
- Catha
- Catha edulis
- Catharanthus
- Catharanthus roseus
- Cation exchange capacity
- Cations
- Catla
- Catla catla
- Catolaccus
- Cats
- Cattle
- Cattleya
- Caulerpa taxifolia
- Caulerpaceae
- Cauliflowers
- Caulimoviruses
- Cavariella
- Caves
- Cecidomyiidae
- Cecidophyopsis
- Cecidophyopsis ribis
- Cecropia
- Cecropia obtusifolia
- Cecum
-
A blind pouch-like commencement of the colon in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen at the end of the small intestine and the start of the large intestine. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- cedarwood oil
- Cedrela
- Cedrela odorata
- Cedrus atlantica
- Cedrus deodara
- Cedrus libani
- Cefotaxime
-
A third generation semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Cefotaxime inhibits mucopeptide synthesis by binding to and inactivating penicillin binding proteins thereby interfering with the final transpeptidation step required for cross-linking of peptidoglycan units which are a component of bacterial cell walls. This results in a reduction of cell wall stability and causes cell lysis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Ceftiofur
-
A semisynthetic, beta-lactamase-stable, broad-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. Ceftiofur binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Ceiba
- Ceiba pentandra
- Celastraceae
- Celastrales
- Celeriac
- Celery
- cell cycle
-
The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. The cell cycle is an ordered set of events, culminating in cell growth and division into two daughter cells. The stages of cell cycle includes G1-S-G2-M. The G1 stage stands for “GAP 1”. The S stage stands for “Synthesis”. This is the stage when DNA replication occurs. The G2 stage stands for “GAP 2”. The M stage stands for “mitosis”, and is when nuclear (chromosomes separate) and cytoplasmic (cytokinesis) division occur. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cell death
-
The termination of the cell’s ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cell differentiation
-
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- cell division
-
Cell Division involves the production of separate daughter cells from a precursor cell by division of the nucleus (mitosis) in eukaryotes and division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis). Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cell mediated immunity
-
Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role. (source: NALT)
- cell membranes
-
Use for membranes of the cell in general; for the outermost cellular membrane of cells USE plasma membrane. (source: NALT)
- cell physiology
-
Characteristics and physiological processes of cells from cell division to cell death. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cell respiration
-
A two-stage process in which molecules are oxidized to produce energy. In the first stage, glucose is converted to pyruvic acid via the glycolytic pathway. Subsequently, pyruvic acid is metabolized to ultimately yield carbon dioxide and water. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- cell structure
-
The components of the cell and how they are arranged. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- cell walls
- Cellobiose
-
A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. (source: NALT)
- cells
- Cellulitis
-
Inflammation of the dermis and subcutaneous, most often caused by a bacterial infection. Symptoms include erythema, edema, and pain to the affected area. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cellulolytic microorganisms
- Cellulomonas
-
A genus of facultatively aerobic, Gram-positive, bacilli assigned to the phylum Actinobacteria and the family Cellulomonadaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cellulose
-
The carbohydrate that is the principal constituent of wood and forms the framework of the wood cells. (source: NALT)
- Cellulose acetate
- Celosia
- Celtis
- Cenchrus
- Cenchrus ciliaris
- Cenchrus setigerus
- Cenococcum
- Centaurea
- Centaurea cyanus
- Centipedegrass
- Central nervous system
-
The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Centranthus
- Centrarchidae
- Centre pivot irrigation
- Centris
- Centropomidae
- Centrosema
- Centrosema acutifolium
- Centrosema brasilianum
- Centrosema pubescens
- Cephaelis
- Cephalcia
- Cephalopoda
- Cephalosporins
- Cephalosporium
- Cephenemyia
- Cephidae
- Cephus
- Cerambycidae
- Ceramiaceae
- Ceraphronidae
- Cerastoderma edule
- Ceratitis
- Ceratitis capitata
- Ceratocystis
-
Rank of Genus, Microascales genera incertae sedis. (source: NALT)
- Ceratocystis fagacearum
- Ceratocystis fimbriata
- Ceratocystis paradoxa
- Ceratocystis ulmi
- Ceratomyxa
- Ceratonia
- Ceratonia siliqua
- Ceratophyllaceae
- Ceratophyllidae
- Ceratopogonidae
- Ceratotheca
- Ceratozamia
- Cercidiphyllaceae
- Cercopidae
- Cercopoidea
- Cercoseptoria
- Cercospora
- Cercospora beticola
- Cercospora kikuchii
- Cercospora nicotianae
- Cercospora oryzae
- Cercospora sojina
- Cercosporella
- Cercosporidium
- Cereal byproducts
- Cereal protein
- Cerebellum
-
The portion of the brain located at the base of the skull that is responsible for balance, equilibrium and movement. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cerebrosides
- Cerebrospinal fluid
-
The fluid that is contained within the brain ventricles, the subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cerebrovascular disorders
-
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (arteries; or veins) in the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem. (source: NALT)
- Cerebrum
- Ceriman
- Ceroplastes
- Ceroplastes floridensis
- Cerotoma
- Cerotoma trifurcata
- Ceroxylon
- Cervidae
- Cervus
- Cervus elaphus
- Cestoda
- Cestode infections
- Cestrum
- Cetacea
- Ceutorhynchus
- Ceutorhynchus assimilis
- Chabertia
- Chabertiidae
- Chaenomeles
- Chaenomeles japonica
- Chaerophyllum
- Chaetocnema
- Chaetomium
- Chaetomium globosum
- Chaetomium virescens
- Chaetopsina
- Chaetosiphon
- Chaff
-
Seed coverings separated from cereal grains after threshing, together with other stem or leaf debris from the process. (source: NALT)
- Chalara
- Chalcididae
- Chalcodermus
- Chalcodermus aeneus
- Chalcones
- Chalk brood
- Chalk soils
- Chamaecyparis
- Chamaecyparis obtusa
- Chamaedorea
- Chamaemyiidae
- Chamois
- Chamomile
-
The flower-heads of either the plant Anthemis nobilis or the plant Matricaria chamomilla. Chamomile has a warm aromatic odour and a very bitter taste and contains volatile oils which are a mixture of butyl and amyl angelates and valerates. Due to its coumarin constituents, large doses may interfere with coagulation. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Chanidae
-
Library of Congress sh85022522
Use for milkfishes; For snakeheads use Channidae. (source: NALT)
- Channidae
-
Use for snakeheads; For milkfishes use Chanidae. (source: NALT)
- Chanos
- Chanos chanos
- Chaoboridae
- Chaoborus
- Characeae
- Characiformes
- Charadriiformes
- Charales
- Charophyceae
- Charophyta
- Cheese whey
-
The whey removed during the cheesemaking process; for cheeses made with cheese whey USE whey cheeses. (source: NALT)
- Cheesemaking
- Chelates
- Chelating agents
- Chelation
- Chelicerata
- Chelidae
- Chelonia mydas
- Cheloniidae
- Chelonus
- Chelydridae
- Chemical composition
- Chemical compounds
- Chemical control
- chemical degradation
-
The degradation of a substance by a chemical agent or energy source such as light, heat, or electricity. (source: NALT)
- chemical ecology
- Chemical precipitation
- Chemical pulp
-
Pulp made from chemically treated fibers (source: NALT)
- chemical reactions
- Chemical soil types
- chemical structure
-
Library of Congress sh85022955
The spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of chemical bonds between atoms. (source: NALT)
A representation of the arrangement of atoms and bonds. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- chemical substances
- Chemiluminescence immunoassays
- Chemistry
-
The science of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter, especially of atomic and molecular systems. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- chemoreceptors
-
Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. (source: NALT)
- Chemotaxis
-
The characteristic directional movement or orientation of an organism or cell along a chemical concentration gradient either toward or away from the chemical stimulus. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- chemotaxonomy
-
Classification of organisms based on differences of the biochemical composition. (source: NALT)
- Chemotropism
- Chenopodium
- Chenopodium ambrosioides
- Chenopodium quinoa
- Cherax
- Cherax destructor
- Cherax quadricarinatus
- Cherax tenuimanus
- Cherimoyas
- Cherries
- Cherry capsicum
- cherry laurel
- chervil
- Chestnuts
- Chewing gum
- Cheyletidae
- Cheyletiella
- Cheyletiellidae
- Chicken anemia virus
- Chicken meat
- chickens
- Chickpeas
- Chicks
- Chicory
- Chikungunya virus
- Chilled meat
- Chilo
- Chilo auricilius
- Chilo infuscatellus
- Chilo partellus
- Chilo sacchariphagus
- Chilo suppressalis
- Chilocorus
- Chilopoda
- Chimaera
- Chimaeridae
- Chimaeriformes
- Chinchillas
- Chinese cabbages
- Chionodoxa
- Chionoecetes
- Chionoecetes opilio
- Chironemidae
- Chironomus
- Chironomus riparius
- Chiroptera
- Chitin synthesis inhibitors
- Chitinase
- Chitosan
- chives
- Chlamydia
-
Library of Congress sh87005330
A genus of bacteria within the Chlamydiae phylum that contains only the three species Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia suis, and Chlamydia muridarum. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Chlamydomonadaceae
- Chlamydomonas
- Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
- Chlamydospores
- Chlamys
- Chloral hydrate
-
A synthetic monohydrate of chloral with sedative, hypnotic, and anticonvulsive properties. Chloral hydrate is converted to the active compound trichloroethanol by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase. The agent interacts with various neurotransmitter-operated ion channels, thereby enhancing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor mediated chloride currents and inhibiting amino acid receptor-activated ion currents. In addition, chloral hydrate enhances the agonistic effects of glycine receptors, inhibits AMPA-induced calcium influx in cortical neurons, and facilitates 5-HT 3 receptor-mediated currents in ganglionic neurons. Overall, this results in a depressive effect on the central nervous system. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Chloramben
- Chloramphenicol
-
An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (source: NALT)
A semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from Streptomyces venequelae with primarily bacteriostatic activity. Chloramphenicol diffuses through the bacterial cell wall and reversibly binds to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit. The binding interferes with peptidyl transferase activity, thereby prevents transfer of amino acids to the growing peptide chains and blocks peptide bond formation. As a result bacterial protein synthesis is blocked and impede bacterial cell proliferation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Chloranthaceae
- Chlorates
- Chlordane
-
Library of Congress sh85024527
Chlordane is a chlorinated hydrocarbon used as a non-systemic contact insecticide for lawns and crops. Actually a complex mixture of isomers, other chlorinated hydrocarbons, and by-products, chlordane is used in termite and ant control, and as a protective treatment for underground cables. Chlordane may be irritant and toxic by ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption; toxic effects may be cumulative. When heated to decomposition, chlordane emits toxic fumes of carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, chlorine, and phosgene. Chlordane is very persistent in the environment, surviving in soils for more than 20 years. U.S. production of chlordane was stopped in 1976. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Chlordecone
-
Library of Congress sh85024528
A very stable, colorless, odorless, synthetic chlorinated polycyclic hydrocarbon that is a degradation product of Mirex. Chlordecone has been used as an insecticide on bananas, non-bearing citrus trees, tobacco, lawns and flowers. Exposure to this substance causes neurological symptoms, such as tremors and slurred speech. Chlordecone is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. (NCI05) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Chlordimeform
- Chlorella
- Chlorella pyrenoidosa
- Chlorella vulgaris
- Chlorellaceae
- Chlorfenvinphos
- Chlorfluazuron
- Chlorflurenol
- Chloridazon
- Chlorides
-
Includes inorganic salts and chloride ions. (source: NALT)
- Chlorimuron
- Chlorinated hydrocarbons
-
Chemicals containing only chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen. These include a class of persistent, broad-spectrum insecticides that linger in the environment and accumulate in the food chain. (source: NALT)
- chlorination
- Chlorine
-
Library of Congress sh85024541
Do not confuse with chlorins. (source: NALT)
An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35.05. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Chloris
- Chlormequat
- Chlorochroa
- Chlorococcales
- Chlorofluorocarbons
-
Library of Congress sh85024561
A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. (source: NALT)
- Chloroform
-
A colorless, volatile, liquid derivative of trichloromethane with an ether-like odor. Formerly used as an inhaled anesthetic during surgery, the primary use of chloroform today is in industry, where it is used as a solvent and in the production of the refrigerant freon. Acute chloroform toxicity results in impaired liver function, cardiac arrhythmia, nausea and central nervous system dysfunction. As a byproduct of water chlorination, chloroform may be present in small amounts in chlorinated water. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Chlorogenic acid
-
Library of Congress sh85024566
A polyphenol and the ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid that is found in coffee and black tea, with potential antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Chlorogenic acid scavenges free radicals, which inhibits DNA damage and may protect against the induction of carcinogenesis. In addition, this agent may upregulate the expression of genes involved in the activation of the immune system and enhances activation and proliferation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Chlorogenic acid also inhibits the activity of matrix metalloproteinases. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Chlorophenols
- Chlorophyceae
- Chlorophylls
- Chloropidae
- chloroplasts
- Chlorops
- Chlorosis
- Chlorothalonil
- Chlorotoluron
- Chlorpropham
- Chlorpyrifos-methyl
- Chlorsulfuron
- Chlortetracycline
-
A tetracycline with a 7-chloro substitution. (source: NALT)
- Choanephora
- Choanephora cucurbitarum
- chocolate
-
Library of Congress sh85024603
A cocoa mixture usually including cocoa butter, cocoa liquor and a sweetener, most frequently used as a candy or flavoring. Includes bittersweet, semi-sweet chocolate. Cocoa content may vary. (source: NALT)
- Cholecalciferol
-
A steroid hormone produced in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet light or obtained from dietary sources. The active form of cholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) plays an important role in maintaining blood calcium and phosphorus levels and mineralization of bone. The activated form of cholecalciferol binds to vitamin D receptors and modulates gene expression. This leads to an increase in serum calcium concentrations by increasing intestinal absorption of phosphorus and calcium, promoting distal renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and increasing osteoclastic resorption. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Cholecystitis
-
Library of Congress sh85024641
An acute or chronic inflammation involving the gallbladder wall. It may be associated with the presence of gallstones. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- cholecystokinin
-
Library of Congress sh85024642
A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. (source: NALT)
- Cholera
- Cholesterol
-
An animal sterol found in the body tissues (and blood plasma) of vertebrates. It can be found in large concentrations within the liver, spinal cord, and brain. Cholesterol is an important component of the membranes of cells, providing stability. It is the major precursor for the synthesis of vitamin D, of the various steroid hormones, including cortisol, cortisone, and aldosterone in the adrenal glands, and of the sex hormones progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone. Cholesterol also has an important role for the brain synapses as well as in the immune system. In conditions featuring elevated low density lipoproteins (LDL), cholesterol often forms plaque deposits in the walls of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Choline
- Cholinesterase
- Chondrichthyes
- Chondrilla
- Chondrilla juncea
- Chondrostereum
- Chondrus
- Chondrus crispus
- Chops
- Chordata
- Choreutidae
- Chorioptes
- Chorioptes bovis
- Choristoneura
- Choristoneura occidentalis
- Choristoneura pinus
- Choristoneura rosaceana
- Choroid plexus
-
Blood vessels forming villous structures in the third, fourth, and lateral ventricles of the brain. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Chorthippus
- Chortoicetes
- Chortoicetes terminifera
- Christmas trees
- Chromaphis
- Chromatin
-
Library of Congress sh85025333
The genetic material of the nucleus, consisting of deoxyribonucleoprotein, which occurs in two forms during the phase between mitotic divisions: 1) as heterochromatin, seen as condensed, readily stainable clumps; 2) as euchromatin, dispersed lightly staining or nonstaining material. During mitotic division the chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Chromatomyia
- Chromium
-
Library of Congress sh85025350
An element with atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Chromolaena
- Chromolaena odorata
- Chromoplasts
- chromosome aberrations
- chromosome banding
-
Staining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. (source: NALT)
The treatment of chromosomes to reveal characteristic patterns of horizontal bands. The banding patterns lend each chromosome a distinctive appearance so the 22 pairs of human non-sex chromosomes and the X and Y chromosomes can be identified and distinguished without ambiguity. Banding also permits the recognition of chromosome deletions (lost segments), chromosome duplications (surplus segments) and other types of structural rearrangements of chromosomes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- chromosome mapping
-
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome. (source: NALT)
- chromosome number
- Chromosome pairing
-
The alignment of chromosomes at homologous sequences during cell division. (source: NALT)
- chromosome translocation
-
Breakage and removal of a large segment of DNA from one chromosome, followed by the segment’s attachment to a different chromosome. (source: NALT)
- chromosomes
- Chronic toxicity
-
Adverse reaction of an organism to a continuous or repeated exposure to a chemical substance over a long period of time. (source: NALT)
- Chrysanthemum
- Chrysanthemum vulgare
- Chrysocharis
- Chrysodeixis
- Chrysomela
- Chrysomelidae
- Chrysomphalus
- Chrysomya
- Chrysomyxa
- Chrysopa
- Chrysoperla
- Chrysoperla carnea
- Chrysophyceae
- Chrysophyllum
- Chrysopidae
- Chrysopogon
- Chrysops
- Chrysosporium
-
A mitosporic Onygenaceae fungal genus which causes adiaspiromycosis, a pulmonary mycosis of man and rodents. One of its teleomorphs is Ajellomyces. (source: NALT)
- Chrysothamnus
- Chymosin
- Chymotrypsin
- Chytridiales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Chytridiomycetes
-
Rank of Class, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Cicadellidae
- Cicadelloidea
- Cicadidae
- Cicadoidea
- Cicadulina
- Cicer
- Cicer arietinum
- Cichlidae
- Cichorium
- Cichorium endivia
- Cichorium intybus
- Ciconiiformes
- Ciders
- Cigarettes
- Ciguatera
-
Ciguatera is a form of human poisoning caused by the consumption of subtropical and tropical marine finfish which have accumulated naturally occurring toxins through their diet. The toxins are known to originate from several dinoflagellate (algae) species that are common to ciguatera endemic regions in the lower latitudes. (source: NALT)
- Ciliophora
- Cimex
- Cimicidae
- Cinara
- Cinchona
- Cinnamic acids
- Cinnamomum
- Cinnamomum aromaticum
- Cinnamomum camphora
- Cinnamon
- Circadian rhythm
-
The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, and feeding, (source: NALT)
- Circinella
- Circinotrichum
- Circoviridae
- Circulifer
- Circulifer tenellus
- Cirrhinus
- Cirrhinus cirrhosus
- Cirripedia
- Cirsium
- Cirsium arvense
- Cistaceae
- Cistanche
- Cistus
- Cistus ladanifer
- Citral
- Citrates
- Citric acid
-
A tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations due to its antioxidant properties. It maintains stability of active ingredients and is used as a preservative. It is also used as an acidulant to control pH and acts as an anticoagulant by chelating calcium in blood. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Citrinin
-
Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum. (source: NALT)
- Citrobacter
-
A genus of gram-negative coliform bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Citrobacter freundii
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, gram negative, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile by peritrichous flagella, oxidase negative, catalase positive, grows in KCN medium, and successfully ferment sucrose, raffinose and melibiose. C. freundii is most commonly found in water, sewage, soil and food and is an opportunistic pathogen in neonates and immunocompromised patients. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Citropsis
- Citrullus
- Citrullus colocynthis
- Citrullus lanatus
- Citrullus lanatus var. citroides
- Citrus
- Citrus aurantiifolia
- Citrus aurantium
- Citrus fruits
- Citrus jambhiri
- Citrus junos
- Citrus limon
- Citrus macrophylla
- Citrus medica
- Citrus paradisi
- Citrus reticulata
- Citrus sinensis
- Citrus unshiu
- Cixiidae
- Cladonia
- Cladophoraceae
- Cladophorales
- Cladosporium
- Cladosporium cladosporioides
- Cladosporium cucumerinum
- Cladosporium herbarum
- Clams
- Clappertonia
- Clarias
- Clarias batrachus
- Clarias gariepinus
- Clariidae
- Clausena
- Clausena lansium
- Clavibacter
- Clavibacter michiganensis
- Claviceps
- Claviceps fusiformis
- Claviceps purpurea
- Claws
- Clay minerals
-
Use for the mineral; For clay as a building material used in pottery and construction USE clay. (source: NALT)
- Clay soils
- Claypan soils
- Cleistogamy
-
Library of Congress sh85026930
The condition of having flowers which self-pollinate in the bud, without the opening of the flower. The flowers are often small and inconspicuous. (source: NALT)
- Clematis
- Clementines
- Clenbuterol
-
A substituted phenylaminoethanol and a long-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist with sympathomimetic activity. Clenbuterol selectively binds to and activates beta-2 adrenergic receptors in bronchiolar smooth muscle, thereby causing stimulation of adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3’,5’-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Increased intracellular cAMP levels cause relaxation of smooth muscle. In addition, clenbuterol also stimulates central nervous system (CNS), and causes an increase in blood pressure and heart rate due to both beta-2 and beta-1 adrenergic activities. This agent may also exert an anabolic or anti-catabolic effect due to as of yet unidentified mechanisms. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Clepsis
- Cleridae
- Clerodendrum
- Clethraceae
- Cletus
- Cletus punctiger
- climatic factors
- Climatic soil types
- climatic zones
- Clindamycin
-
An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin. (source: NALT)
A semisynthetic broad spectrum antibiotic produced by chemical modification of the parent compound lincomycin. Clindamycin dissociates peptidyl-tRNA from the bacterial ribosome, thereby disrupting bacterial protein synthesis. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Clitocybe
- Clitoria
- Clitoria ternatea
- Clivina
- Cloaca
-
The singular posterior opening of the intestinal and urinary tracts of birds, reptiles, amphibians, marsupials and monotremes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Clomazone
- Clonal variation
- Clones
- Clonorchis
- Clopidol
- Closteroviridae
- Closteroviruses
- Clostridium
-
A genus of gram-positive, obligate anaerobic bacteria in the Firmicutes phylum capable of producing endospores. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium butyricum
-
Library of Congress sh88023232
A species of strictly anaerobic, Gram positive, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Firmicutes. This species is motile, produces the type E toxin, can only grow in the absence of oxygen, produces butyric acid, forms endospores and ferments granulose. C. butyricum is a causative agent of botulism. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Clostridium chauvoei
- Clostridium difficile
-
Library of Congress sh85027144
A species of Clostridium that is the most significant cause of pseudomembranous colitis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Clostridium pasteurianum
- Clostridium perfringens
-
Library of Congress sh86007486
A species of anaerobic, Gram positive, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile, hydrolyzes gelatin, produces enterotoxin, is beta-hemolytic and catalase negative. C. perfringens is a food borne pathogen, being the causative agent of pig-bel syndrome and gas gangrene. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Clostridium tetani
-
Library of Congress sh88023240
A species of anaerobic, Gram positive, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Firmicutes. This species is motile by peritrichous flagella, indole and lipase positive, lecithinase negative, hydrolyzes gelatin, ferments inositol and does not ferment glucose or maltose. C. tetani may colonize the intestinal tract of humans and is pathogenic, being the causative agent of Tetanus infection. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Clostridium thermocellum
- Clostridium tyrobutyricum
-
A species of anaerobic, Gram positive, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Firmicutes. This species is sporulating, ferments glucose and xylose and produces butyric acid and acetic acid as fermentation by-products. C. tyrobutyricum is present in milk and causes late-blowing defect in cheeses with high pH leading to product loss. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cloves
- Cloxacillin
-
A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of oxacillin. (source: NALT)
A semisynthetic beta-lactamase resistant penicillin antibiotic with antibacterial activity. Cloxacillin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall, thereby preventing the cross-linkage of peptidoglycans, which are critical components of the bacterial cell wall. This leads to an interruption of the bacterial cell wall and causes bacterial cell lysis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Clubionidae
- Clupea
- Clupea harengus
- Clupeidae
- Clupeiformes
- Cnaphalocrocis
- Cnaphalocrocis medinalis
- Cnephasia
- Cnidaria
- Cnidoscolus
- Coal
- Coastal plains
-
The lowland area between the seashore and the nearest hills, often gently sloping seaward, and representing a strip of sea bottom that has emerged in recent geologic time. (source: NALT)
- Coastal soils
- Coastal waters
- Coasts
- coat proteins
-
Use for viral capsid proteins; for the outer proteinaceous viral structure USE capsid. (source: NALT)
- Cobalt
-
Library of Congress sh85027513
An element with atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Cocaine
-
A tropane alkaloid with central nervous systems (CNS) stimulating and local anesthetic activity. Cocaine binds to the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transport proteins and inhibits the re-uptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine into pre-synaptic neurons. This leads to an accumulation of the respective neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft and may result in increased postsynaptic receptor activation. The mechanism of action through which cocaine exerts its local anesthetic effects is by binding to and blocking the voltage-gated sodium channels in the neuronal cell membrane. By stabilizing neuronal membranes, cocaine inhibits the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses and produces a reversible loss of sensation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Coccidae
- Coccidia
- Coccidioides
- Coccidiosis
-
Library of Congress sh85027570
Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of Coccidia. (source: NALT)
A parasitic infection caused by Coccidia. It affects livestock, birds and humans. In humans the parasite infests the intestinal tract and may cause watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Coccinella
- Coccinella septempunctata
- Coccinellidae
- Coccinia
- Coccomyxaceae
- Coccus
- Coccus hesperidum
- Cochliobolus
- Cochliobolus carbonum
- Cochliobolus heterostrophus
- Cochliobolus lunatus
- Cochliobolus miyabeanus
- Cochliobolus sativus
- Cochliomyia
- Cochliomyia hominivorax
- Cochlonema
- Cochylis
- Cockerels
- cocoa beans
-
The commodity product; for the beverage USE cocoa (beverage) (source: NALT)
- cocoa butter
- cocoa powder
-
Ground cocoa solids. (source: NALT)
- cocoa products
- coconut meal
- Coconut milk
- coconut oil
-
Library of Congress sh85027628
The edible oil extracted from the kernel or meat of the coconut of Cocos nucifera. In addition to its use as a food ingredient and cooking oil, coconut oil is commonly used in skincare preparations and soaps. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
Reference USDA PLANTS link
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- Coconuts
- Cocoons
-
Library of Congress sh85027632
The silk coverings of pupae which are spun by larvae. (source: NALT)
- Cocos
- Cocos nucifera
- Codiaceae
- Codiaeum
- Codinaea
- Codium
- codons
- Coeloides
- Coelomomyces
- Coelomycetes
- Cofactors
- Coffea
- Coffea arabica
- Coffea canephora
- Coffea liberica
- Coffee beans
-
The commodity product; for the beverage USE coffee (beverage) (source: NALT)
- Coffee pulp
- Coix
- Colaspis
- Colchicine
-
An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale with anti-gout and anti-inflammatory activities. The exact mechanism of action by which colchicines exerts its effect has not been completely established. Colchicine binds to tubulin, thereby interfering with the polymerization of tubulin, interrupting microtubule dynamics, and disrupting mitosis. This leads to an inhibition of migration of leukocytes and other inflammatory cells, thereby reducing the inflammatory response to deposited urate crystals. Colchicine may also interrupt the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues, thereby also preventing the resultant inflammatory response. Overall, colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis/migration and phagocytosis to inflamed areas, and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Colchicum
- Cold
- Cold season
- Cold stress
- Cold tolerance
- Cold zones
- cole crops
- Coleophora
- Coleophora laricella
- Coleophoridae
- Coleoptera
- Coleoptiles
- Colias
- Colic
-
A clinical syndrome with intermittent abdominal pain characterized by sudden onset and cessation. It is usually associated with obstruction of the intestines; of the cystic duct; or of the urinary tract. (source: NALT)
- Colicins
- coliform bacteria
-
A group of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. They are found in many environments, including the intestinal tract and feces of animals. Some species are economically important as livestock pathogens. (source: NALT)
- Colinus
- Colitis
-
Library of Congress sh85027957
Inflammation of the colon section of the large intestine, usually with symptoms such as diarrhea (often with blood and mucus), abdominal pain, and fever. (source: NALT)
Inflammation of the colon. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Collagen
-
Library of Congress sh85027969
A family of large fibrous proteins that are the main components of connective tissue and are responsible for maintaining tissue structure. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Collagenases
- Collembola
- Collenchyma
- Colletotrichum
- Colletotrichum capsici
- Colletotrichum coccodes
- Colletotrichum dematium
- Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
- Colletotrichum trifolii
- Colletotrichum truncatum
- Colloidal properties
- Colloids
- Collybia
- Colocasia
- Colocasia esculenta
- Colombus grass
- Colon
-
The part of the large intestine measured from the cecum to the rectum consisting of ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid portions. The purpose of the colon is to remove water from digested food prior to excretion. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- colonizing ability
-
ability of an organism (e.g, microbe, plant, animal) to survive and thrive in a new habitat. (source: NALT)
- Colony stimulating factor
-
A substance that stimulates the production of blood cells. Colony-stimulating factors include granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and promegapoietin. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Colostrum
-
Library of Congress sh85028714
A thick, protein-rich substance secreted by the breasts during the second half of pregnancy and for a few days after birth before the breast milk comes in. It contains antibodies which serve to give the baby protection from disease and also has a laxative effect on the colon which helps to expel the plug of meconium and facilitate the establishment of normal bowel movements. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- coloured guinea grass
- Colpoma
- Coltricia
- Colubridae
- Columbicola
- Columbiformes
- Coma
-
A state of profound unconsciousness associated with markedly depressed cerebral activity. Causes include central nervous system damage, intoxication, and metabolic abnormalities. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Combretaceae
- Combretum
- Combustion
-
The chemical reaction of oxygen with another element or compound. The reaction is accompanied by the release of heat and, usually, light. Use for chemical reaction with oxygen producing heat; For the state of being on fire USE burning; For the intentional use of fire as a management practice USE prescribed burning. (source: NALT)
- Commelina
- Commelinaceae
- Commelinales
- Commensalism
- Commiphora
- common fir
- Comoviruses
- Compensatory growth
- Comperiella
- Comperiella bifasciata
- Complement fixation tests
- Compositae
- Composting
-
The biodecomposition of organic material, such as animal wastes, plant residues or sludges, in the presence of air, by controlled methods including mechanical mixing and aerating. (source: NALT)
- Compound fertilizers
- compressibility
-
Library of Congress sh85029439
The ability of a material to be reduced in size or volume by compression. (source: NALT)
-
A mannose-binding lectin originally isolated from jack-bean, Canavalia ensiformis. Concanavalin A is a potent lymphocyte mitogen and a stimulator of matrix metalloproteinases, thereby exhibiting immunostimulatory effects. It is used in the characterization and purification of glycoproteins. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Condiments
-
Seasonings and flavorings that are generally added to foods by the consumer after preparation. (source: NALT)
- Congenital abnormalities
-
Use for those abnormalities existing at, and usually before, birth; For abnormal development after birth USE abnormal development. (source: NALT)
- Congo jute
- conidia
- Conidiobolus
- Conidiophores
- Coniella
- Coniferous forests
- Coniophora
- Coniophora puteana
- Coniopterygidae
- Coniothyrium
- Conjunctiva
-
A thin, transparent tissue divided into the palpebral conjunctiva (covering the inner side of the eye lid) and the bulbar conjunctiva (covering the eyeball). Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Conjunctivitis
-
Library of Congress sh85031146
Inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Connaraceae
- Connective tissue
-
The supporting or framework tissue of the animal body, formed of fibrous and ground substance with more or less numerous cells of various kinds; it is derived from the mesenchyme, and this in turn from the mesoderm; the varieties of connective tissue are: areolar or loose; adipose; dense, regular or irregular, white fibrous; elastic; mucous; and lymphoid tissue; cartilage; and bone; the blood and lymph may be regarded as connective tissues the ground substance of which is a liquid. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Conocybe
- Conoderus
- Conophthorus
- Conophytum
- Conopomorpha
- Conopomorpha cramerella
- Conotrachelus
- Conotrachelus nenuphar
- Conservation tillage
-
Any of several farming methods that provide for seed germination, plant growth, and weed control yet maintain effective ground cover throughout the year and disturb the soil as little as possible. The aim is to reduce soil loss and energy use while maintaining crop yields and quality. No-till is the most restrictive (soil-conserving) form of conservation tillage. Other practices include ridge-till, strip-till, and mulch-till. (source: NALT)
- Consistency
-
A description about the firmness, uniformity or make-up of an entity. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Constipation
-
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. (source: NALT)
Irregular and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- constructed wetlands
- Consumer behaviour
-
The predicted or observable activity or manner in which people make decisions regarding the procurement of goods or services; specifically, what, when, why, where, how often and from whom goods and services are bought. (source: NALT)
- Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
- Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
- Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
- Contagious equine metritis
- Contarinia
- Continuous cropping
-
The growing of a single crop species on a field year after year. Contrast crop rotation and mixed cropping. (source: NALT)
- control methods
- Convallaria
- Convallaria majalis
- Conventional tillage
- Convolvulaceae
- Convolvulus
- Convolvulus arvensis
- Conyza
- Cooking
-
The act of preparing something to eat by the application of heat. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cooking quality
- Cooperia
- Cooperia oncophora
- Copaifera
- Copepoda
- Copernicia
- Copidosoma
- Copper
-
Library of Congress sh85032278
An element with atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Copper oxychloride
- Coppicing
- Coprinus
- Coprinus cinereus
- Coptotermes
- Coptotermes formosanus
- Coquillettidia
- Coquillettidia perturbans
- Coraciiformes
- Coral reefs
- Corallinaceae
- Corals
- Corchorus
- Corchorus capsularis
- Corchorus olitorius
- Corcyra
- Corcyra cephalonica
- Cordana
- Cordeauxia
- Cordia
- Cordia alliodora
- Cordyceps
- Cordyline
- Cordyline fruticosa
- Coregonus
- Coreidae
- Coriandrum
- Coriandrum sativum
-
Use for the coriander plant as a whole; For the fresh green leaves of the plant as an herb, USE cilantro; For the whole or ground dried seeds of the plant as a spice; USE coriander seed. (source: NALT)
- Coriaria
- Coriariaceae
- Coriolus
- Coriolus versicolor
- Cork
- Corms
-
Library of Congress sh85032624
A solid, short, swollen underground stem which serves as an asexual propagule for the plant, lasts only one year, and bears the next year’s growth at the top of the old corm. (source: NALT)
- Corn flour
- Corn starch
- Cornaceae
- Cornales
- Cornea
-
Library of Congress sh85032796
A dome-shaped, transparent, avascular tissue covering the front of the eye. It is composed of five layers: squamous epithelium, Bowman’s membrane, stroma, Descemet’s membrane, and endothelium. Refraction of light contributing to eye’s focusing ability is its characteristic function. It contains unmyelinated nerve endings which are responsible for the high sensitivity of the tissue. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Corned beef
- Cornus
- Cornus florida
- Corolla
-
A genus of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses in the family coronaviridae. The coronavirus genome exhibits helical symmetry. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Coronilla
- Corozo oleifera
- Corpus luteum hormones
- Cortaderia
- Cortex
-
The outer layer of the cerebrum composed of neurons and unmyelinated nerve fibers. It is responsible for memory, attention, consciousness and other higher levels of mental function. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Corticium
- Corticium rolfsii
- Corticosterone
- Cortinarius
- Cortisone
-
Library of Congress sh85033100
A steroid hormone synthesized and secreted by the adrenal gland and necessary for life. It is involved with maintaining cardiovascular function, blood glucose balance, regulating the inflammatory response and metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fat. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Corydalidae
- Corydalis
- Corylus
- Corylus avellana
- Corynebacterium
-
A genus of Gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, non-sporulated, rod-shaped Actinobacteria. Most are a part of normal skin flora. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Corynebacterium ovis
- Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
-
A species of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive, coryneform, pleomorphic bacilli assigned to the phylum Actinobacteria. This species is nonmotile, non-spore forming, catalase and urease positive, oxidase and pyrazinamidase negative, non-lipophilic, reduces nitrate, and does not hydrolyze gelatin. C. pseudotuberculosis is known to cause caseous lymphadenitis in animals and can be pathogenic in humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Corynespora
- Corynespora cassiicola
- Coryneum
- Coryphaena
- Coryphaena hippurus
- Coryphaenidae
- Corythucha
- Cosmopolites
- Cosmopolites sordidus
- Cosmopterigidae
- Cosmos
- Cosmos bipinnatus
- Cossidae
- Cossus
- Costelytra
- Costelytra zealandica
- Costus
- Costus speciosus
- Cotesia
- Cotesia flavipes
- Cotesia glomerata
- Cotesia marginiventris
- Cotesia plutellae
- Cotesia rubecula
- Cotoneaster
- Cottidae
- Cotton
- Cottonseed
- Cottonseed meal
- cottonseed oil
-
Library of Congress sh85033369
The edible oil extracted from the seeds of Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium herbaceum. Cottonseed oil is used both as a cooking oil and a food ingredient. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
Reference USDA PLANTS link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Cottus
- Coturnix
- Coturnix coturnix
- Cotyledons
- Cotylurus
- Cough
-
A sudden, often repetitive, spasmodic contraction of the thoracic cavity, resulting in violent release of air from the lungs, and usually accompanied by a distinctive sound. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Coumaphos
- Coumaric acids
- Coumarins
- Cowpeas
-
Library of Congress sh85033658
any bean of the genus Vigna. (source: NALT)
- Cowpox virus
- Cows
-
Mature females in the family Bovidae. (source: NALT)
- Coxiella
-
A genus of Gram-negative, acidophilic, rod-shaped, obligate intracellular bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Coxiella burnetii
-
A species of aerobic, Gram negative, coccobacilli shaped bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is obligately intracellular, sporeforming, acidophilic, pleomorphic and catalase positive. C. burnetti is pathogenic, being the causative agent of Q fever. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Crabs
- Crambe
- Crambe abyssinica
- Crambe maritima
- Cranberries
- Crangon
- Crangon crangon
- Crangonidae
- Crassostrea
- Crassostrea gigas
- Crassostrea virginica
- Crassulaceae
- Crataegus
- Crataegus monogyna
- Cratylia
- Crayfish
- Cream
-
Library of Congress sh85033804
A semi-solid composed of an emulsion of lipids, hydrocarbons, waxes, or polyols in water. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cream cheese
- Creatine
-
An endogenous amino acid derivative produced by vertebrate animals and occurring primarily in muscle cells. Creatine is important for energy storage; it is phosphorylated to creatine phosphate, which serves as a phosphate donor in the conversion of ADP to ATP and supplies energy necessary for muscle contraction. Dietary supplementation with creatine may improve muscle wasting associated with cancer and other chronic diseases. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Creatine kinase
-
Library of Congress sh85033820
Creatine kinase B-type (381 aa, ~43 kDa) is encoded by the human CKB gene. This protein plays a role in both energy homeostasis and creatine metabolism. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Creatinine
-
Library of Congress sh85033821
The breakdown product of creatine, a constituent of muscle tissue, that is excreted by the kidney and whose serum level is used to evaluate kidney function. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Crematogaster
- Creosote
-
Library of Congress sh85033929
An oily liquid mixture of phenols, creosols, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarons, obtained by the distillation of coal tar or wood tar, especially from beech wood. (source: NALT)
- Crescentia
- Cresols
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome
-
A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ataxia, aphasia, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, myoclonus, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of prions. (source: NALT)
- Cricetomys
- Cricetus
- Criconematidae
- Criconemoides
- Crinipellis
- Crinivirus
- Crinoidea
- Crinum
- Cristulariella
- Crithidia
- Crocidolomia
- crocodiles
- Crocodilia
- Crocodylidae
- Crocodylus niloticus
- Crocodylus porosus
- Crocosmia
- Crocus
- Crocus sativus
- Cronartium
- Cronartium fusiforme
- Cronartium quercuum
- Crop management
- Crop residues
-
Any organic matter left in the field after the harvest of a crop, e.g. leaves, stalks, stubble, roots, hulls. (source: NALT)
- Crop rotation
-
System of cultivation where different crops are planted in consecutive growing seasons to maintain soil fertility. (source: NALT)
- Crop weed competition
- Crop yield
- cropping systems
-
The pattern of crops grown on a given piece of land, or order in which the crops are cultivated over a fixed period. (source: NALT)
- Crops
- Cross immunity
- Cross pollination
- cross resistance
- Crossandra
- Crossbreds
- Crossing over
-
The reciprocal exchange of segments at corresponding positions along pairs of homologous chromosomes by symmetrical breakage and crosswise rejoining forming cross-over sites that are resolved during chromosome segregation. Crossing-over typically occurs during meiosis but it may also occur in the absence of meiosis, for example, with bacterial chromosomes, organelle chromosomes, or somatic cell nuclear chromosomes. (source: NALT)
- Crotalaria
- Crotalaria juncea
- Croton
- Croton tiglium
- Crown gall
- crows
- Cruciferae
- Crude protein
- Crustacea
- Cryoprotectants
- Cryphonectria
- Cryphonectria parasitica
- Crypthecodiniaceae
- Cryptobia
- Cryptocarya
- Cryptococcus (homoptera)
- Cryptococcus neoformans
-
Library of Congress sh88022039
A species of the fungus cryptococcus, the causative agent of cryptococcosis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cryptodiaporthe
- Cryptogams
-
Plants and plant-like organisms, such as mosses, ferns, fungi, and algae, that reproduce by spores and not by seeds. (source: NALT)
- Cryptolaemus
- Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
- Cryptolestes
- Cryptolestes ferrugineus
- Cryptomeria
- Cryptomeria japonica
- Cryptonemiaceae
- Cryptophagidae
- Cryptophlebia
- Cryptophlebia leucotreta
- Cryptorchidism
-
A developmental defect characterized by failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum. (source: NALT)
- Cryptosporella
- Cryptosporidium
-
A genus of parasitic protozoa that is the cause of cryptosporidiosis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cryptosporidium baileyi
- Cryptosporidium parvum
- Cryptotermes
- Crystallization
- Ctenicera
- Ctenocephalides
- Ctenocephalides canis
- Ctenopharyngodon
- Ctenopharyngodon idella
- Cuclotogaster
- Cucujidae
- Cuculiformes
- Cucumbers
- Cucumis
- Cucumis anguria
- Cucumis melo
- Cucumis metuliferus
- Cucumis sativus
- Cucumoviruses
- Cucurbita
- Cucurbita foetidissima
- Cucurbita maxima
- Cucurbita moschata
- Cucurbita pepo
- Cucurbitaceae
- Culex
- Culex annulirostris
- Culex nigripalpus
- Culex pipiens
- Culex quinquefasciatus
- Culex restuans
- Culex salinarius
- Culex tarsalis
- Culex tritaeniorhynchus
- Culicidae
- Culicinomyces
- Culicoides
- Culicoides brevitarsis
- Culicoides furens
- Culicoides nubeculosus
- Culicoides variipennis
- Culiseta
- Culiseta incidens
- Culiseta inornata
- Culiseta melanura
- Cultural control
- Cultural soil types
- Cumin
- Cuminum
- Cuminum cyminum
- Cunninghamella
- Cunninghamia
- Cunninghamia lanceolata
- Cunoniaceae
- Cuphea
- Cupressaceae
- Cupressus
- Cupressus arizonica
- Cupressus lusitanica
- Cupressus macrocarpa
- Cupressus sempervirens
- Curculio
- Curculio caryae
- Curculio elephas
- Curculionidae
- Curcuma
- Curcuma domestica
- Curcuma xanthorrhiza
- Curcumin
-
A phytopolylphenol pigment isolated from the plant Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, with a variety of pharmacologic properties. Curcumin blocks the formation of reactive-oxygen species, possesses anti-inflammatory properties as a result of inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX) and other enzymes involved in inflammation; and disrupts cell signal transduction by various mechanisms including inhibition of protein kinase C. These effects may play a role in the agent’s observed antineoplastic properties, which include inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and suppression of chemically induced carcinogenesis and tumor growth in animal models of cancer. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Cured meat
- Curimatidae
- Curium
- Curvularia
- Cuscuta
- Cussonia
- Cut flowers
- Cut foliage
- Cuterebra
- Cyanamides
- Cyanazine
- Cyanides
- Cyanidin
- Cyanogenic glycosides
- Cyanophyta
-
Cyanobacteria is at the level of phylum; do not confuse with the genus Cyanobacterium in the order Chroococcales. (source: NALT)
- Cyathostoma
- Cycadaceae
- Cycadopsida
- Cycas
- Cyclamates
- Cyclamen
- Cyclaneusma
-
Rank of Genus, Helotiales genera incertae sedis. (source: NALT)
- Cyclanthaceae
- Cyclocephala
- Cyclodextrins
- Cycloheximide
- Cyclophosphamide
-
A synthetic alkylating agent chemically related to the nitrogen mustards with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities. In the liver, cyclophosphamide is converted to the active metabolites aldophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard, which bind to DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and initiating cell death. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Cyclopteridae
- Cyclopterus
- Cydia
- Cydia funebrana
- Cydia nigricana
- Cydia pomonella
- Cydnidae
- Cydonia
- Cydonia oblonga
- Cyfluthrin
- Cyhalothrin
- Cyhexatin
- Cylas
- Cylas formicarius
- Cylindrocarpon
- Cylindrocladium
- Cylindrocopturus
- Cylindrocopturus adspersus
- Cylindrosporium
- Cymadothea
- Cymbidium
- Cymbopogon
- Cymbopogon citratus
- Cynanchum
- Cynara
- Cynara cardunculus
- Cynipidae
- Cynodon
- Cynodon dactylon
- Cynodon nlemfuensis
- Cynoscion
- Cynosurus
- Cyperaceae
- Cypermethrin
- Cyperus
- Cyperus esculentus
- Cyperus papyrus
- Cyperus rotundus
- Cyprinidae
- Cypriniformes
- Cyprinodontidae
- Cyprinodontiformes
- Cyprinus
- Cyprinus carpio
- Cypripedium
- Cyproconazole
- Cyromazine
- Cyrtorhinus
- Cyrtorhinus lividipennis
- Cyrtosperma
- Cystathionine
- Cysteamine
- Cysteine
-
A non-essential sulfur-containing amino acid in humans, related to cystine, Cysteine is important for protein synthesis, detoxification, and diverse metabolic functions. Found in beta-keratin, the main protein in nails, skin, and hair, Cysteine is important in collagen production, as well as skin elasticity and texture. Also required in the manufacture of amino acid taurine, Cysteine is a component of the antioxidant glutathione, and plays a role in the metabolism of essential biochemicals such as coenzyme A, heparin, and biotin. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Cysticercosis
-
Infection with cysticercus, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in neurocysticercosis. (source: NALT)
A parasitic infection caused by the larval form of Taenia solium. It is a disseminated infection affecting the central nervous system, subcutaneous tissues, lungs, heart and liver. The most serious complications result from infection of the brain parenchyma. Patients may develop seizures, hydrocephalus, encephalopathy and meningoencephalitis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cystine
-
Not considered one of the 20 amino acids, Cystine is a sulfur-containing derivative obtained from oxidation of cysteine amino acid thiol side chains. It functions as an antioxidant and protects tissues against radiation and pollution, slowing the aging process. It also aids protein synthesis. Cystine is abundant in many proteins of skeletal tissues and skin, and found in insulin and digestive enzymes chromotrypsinogen A, papain, and trypsinogen. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Cystitis
-
An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the bladder. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cystocaulus
- Cytauxzoon
- Cytidine
- Cytisus
- Cytisus scoparius
- Cytochalasins
- Cytochemistry
-
Branch of histochemistry associated with the localization of cellular components by specific staining methods, as for example the localization of acid phosphatases by the Gomori method. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cytochrome b
- Cytochrome c
- Cytochrome f
- Cytochromes
- cytogenetics
-
The branch of biology that studies the cellular aspects of heredity, especially the chromosomes. Includes the study of disease states caused by numerical and structural chromosome abnormalities. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cytokines
- Cytokinins
- Cytomegalovirus
-
Library of Congress sh85035244
A genus of the family herpesviridae, subfamily betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
- Cytophaga
- Cytophagales
- cytoplasm
-
That portion of the cell contained within the plasma membrane but excluding the nucleus. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Cytoplasmic inheritance
-
Library of Congress sh85035253
Transmission of parental characters by extrachromosomal means such as by the DNA in mitochondria, chloroplasts or plasmids. (source: NALT)
- Cytoplasmic male sterility
- Cytosine
-
A pyrimidine base found in DNA and RNA that pairs with guanine. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Cytospora
- Cytotoxicity
-
The adverse effect of some iatrogenic therapies. It is an accepted side effect in radiation therapy where the desired effect is to kill rapidly growing tumor cells. In the killing of tumor cells, other cells that are rapidly growing e.g hair, mucous membranes are also killed. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Dacnusa
- Dacrycarpus
- Dactylella
- Dactylis
- Dactylis glomerata
- Dactyloctenium
- Dactylogyridae
- Dactylogyrus
- Dactylopiidae
- Dactylopius
- Dactylorhiza
- Dacus
- Daedalea
- Daemonorops
- Dahlia
- Daidzein
-
An isoflavone extract from soy, which is an inactive analog of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. It has antioxidant and phytoestrogenic properties. (NCI) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Dairies
- Dairy cattle
- Dairy cows
- Dairy herds
- Dalbergia latifolia
- Dalbergia sissoo
- Dalbulus
- Dalbulus maidis
- Damalinia
- Daminozide
- Damping off
- Dams (mothers)
- Danaus
- Danaus plexippus
- Danthonia
- Daphne
- Daphnia
- Daphnia carinata
- Daphnia magna
- Daphnia pulex
- Daphniidae
- Dasineura
- Dasineura brassicae
- Dasyatidae
- Dasyatis
- Dasychira
- Dasytricha
- Dates
- Datiscaceae
- Datura
- Datura metel
- Datura stramonium
- Daucus
- Daucus carota
- Davainea
- Davaineidae
- Dazomet
- Deafness
-
An inherited or acquired condition characterized by the inability to hear in one or both ears. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Deamination
- Death
-
The cessation of life. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Debaryomyces
-
Rank of Genus, Saccharomycetaceae incertae sedis. (source: NALT)
- Decaffeination
- Decapoda
- Deep tillage
- deer
- Defence mechanisms
-
Use for the ability of pathogens, pests or parasites to defend themselves against the host’s response to attack; For the ability of hosts to respond to the attack of pathogens, pests or parasites USE “resistance mechanisms” or one of its narrower terms. (source: NALT)
- Deficiency diseases
-
Diseases caused by an insufficient intake of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals or inadequacy intake of calories. (source: NALT)
- Defoliants
-
Library of Congress sh85036461
Chemicals which cause leaves or other foliage to drop from a plant, usually to facilitate harvest. (source: NALT)
- Defoliation
-
Use for the loss of leaf area by pests, disease, grazing animals, wind, storms, pollution, drought or other stresses. Includes simulated defoliation; For the physiological foliage loss in response to natural environmental cycles USE leaf abscission; For the intentional defoliation of plants by agrochemicals USE defoliants. (source: NALT)
- degradation
-
The reduction of a chemical compound to one less complex, as by splitting off one or more groups. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Dehiscence
-
The splitting open at maturity of pods of capsules along definite lines or sutures. (source: NALT)
A splitting open of an anatomical structure, zone, or organ with the exposure or discharge of its content. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Dehorning
- Deightoniella
- Delayed hypersensitivity
- Delesseriaceae
- Delia
- Delia antiqua
- Delia coarctata
- Delia floralis
- Delia platura
- Delia radicum
- Delignification
-
Removal of part or all of the lignin from wood by chemical treatment. (source: NALT)
- Delonix
- Delonix regia
- Delphacidae
- Delphinapterus
- Delphinapterus leucas
- Delphinidae
- Delphinidin
- Delphinium
- Delphinus
- Delta soils
- Deltamethrin
- Deltas
- Demodex
- Demodex canis
- Demodicidae
- Demodicosis
- Denaturation
-
Use for reordering of the molecular structure of proteins or nucleic acids which leads to loss of function; for hydrolysis of a peptide bond in a protein USE proteolysis; for the general break down of proteins in organisms or products USE protein degradation. (source: NALT)
- Dendrobium
- Dendrocalamus
- Dendrocalamus strictus
- Dendrochronology
-
The study of annual growth rings of a tree in order to determine the historical date of their formation and the age of the tree. (source: NALT)
- Dendroctonus
- Dendroctonus frontalis
- Dendroctonus micans
- Dendroctonus ponderosae
- Dendroctonus pseudotsugae
- Dendroctonus rufipennis
- Dendroctonus terebrans
- Dendrodochium
- Dendrolimus
- Dendrolimus punctatus
- Denitrification
- Density
-
Library of Congress sh85036848
The amount of something per unit size. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Densovirus
- Dental caries
- Deois
- Deoxyribonuclease
-
Library of Congress sh85037006
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester bond linkages in the DNA backbone. Deoxyribonucleases belong to a larger family of nucleases, which cleave DNA bases at various positions in the DNA backbone. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Deoxyribonucleic acid
-
A long linear double-stranded polymer formed from nucleotides attached to a deoxyribose backbone and found in the nucleus of a cell; associated with the transmission of genetic information. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Deoxyribonucleosides
- Depressaria
- Deraeocoris
- Dermacentor
- Dermacentor albipictus
- Dermacentor andersoni
- Dermacentor variabilis
- Dermanyssidae
- Dermanyssus
- Dermanyssus gallinae
- Dermaptera
- Dermatitis
-
An inflammatory process affecting the skin. Signs include red rash, itching, and blister formation. Representative examples are contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Dermatobia
- Dermatobia hominis
- Dermatomycoses
-
Library of Congress sh85037095
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi. (source: NALT)
- Dermatophagoides
- Dermatophagoides farinae
- Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
- Dermatophilus
-
Library of Congress sh85037101
A genus of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, cocci shaped bacterium in the phylum Actinobacteria and the family Dermatophilaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Dermatophilus congolensis
-
Library of Congress sh85037102
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, cocci shaped bacterium in the phylum Actinobacteria. This species is catalase positive, urease negative, slightly beta-hemolytic weekly ferments xylose. D. congolensis is pathogenic, being the causative agent of Dermatophilosis, also called Mud fever and Rainscald. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Dermestes
- Dermestes maculatus
- Dermestidae
- Dermochelyidae
- Dermochelys
- Dermochelys coriacea
- Derris
- Deschampsia
- Desert soils
- Desertification
- Deserts
- Desiccants
-
Chemicals used for promoting drying of living tissues. (source: NALT)
- Desiccated coconut
- Desmanthus
- Desmedipham
- Desmodium intortum
- Desmodium uncinatum
- Desmodus
- Desmoscolecidae
- Desmoscolex
- Desorption
-
The process of removing an absorbed or adsorbed substance. (source: NALT)
- Desserts
- Detomidine
- Deuterium
-
Library of Congress sh85037316
The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. (source: NALT)
- Deuteromycotina
-
The Fungi Imperfecti / Deuteromycetes group is not accepted in the 2007 classification by Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. The term is retained for the purposes of retrieval of historical records on this group and for the purpose of providing a placement of species that have not found another placement in modern fungal classification. (source: NALT)
- Deutzia
- developmental stages
- Devilpeppers
- Dew
- Dexamethasone
-
A synthetic adrenal corticosteroid with potent anti-inflammatory properties. In addition to binding to specific nuclear steroid receptors, dexamethasone also interferes with NF-kB activation and apoptotic pathways. This agent lacks the salt-retaining properties of other related adrenal hormones. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Dextranase
- Dextrins
- Diabetes
- Diabrotica
- Diabrotica balteata
- Diabrotica barberi
- Diabrotica longicornis
- Diabrotica speciosa
- Diabrotica undecimpunctata
- Diabrotica virgifera
- Diacrisia
- Diadegma
- Diadegma semiclausum
- Diadromus
- Diaeretiella
- Diaeretiella rapae
- Dialeurodes
- Diallate
- Diallel analysis
-
mating a group of genotypes in all possible combinations in order to determine the relative genetic contribution of each parent to specific characters in the offspring. (source: NALT)
- Dianthoviruses
- Dianthus
- Dianthus caryophyllus
- Diapause
- Diaphania
- Diaphania indica
- Diaphania nitidalis
- Diaphorina
- Diaphorina citri
- Diaphragm
-
Library of Congress sh85037585
Fibromuscular tissue that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity. It increases the volume of the thoracic cavity through contractions, thus facilitating respiration. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Diaporthales
-
Library of Congress sh85037598
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Diaporthe
- Diaporthe helianthi
- Diaporthe phaseolorum
- Diaprepes
- Diaprepes abbreviatus
- Diapriidae
- Diaspididae
- Diatraea
- Diatraea grandiosella
- Diatraea saccharalis
- Diazinon
- Dicalcium phosphate
- Dicamba
- Dicentrarchus
- Dicentrarchus labrax
- Dichanthium
- Dichanthium annulatum
- Dichapetalaceae
- Dichelobacter
- Dichelobacter nodosus
- Dichlobenil
- Dichlofluanid
- Dichlorprop
- Dichlorvos
- Dichrostachys
- Dichrostachys cinerea
- Diclofop
- Dicofol
- Dicoumarol
- Dicrocoeliidae
- Dicrocoelium
- Dicrocoelium dendriticum
- Dicrotophos
- Dictyocaulidae
- Dictyocaulus
- Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
- Dictyocaulus filaria
- Dictyocaulus viviparus
- Dictyopharidae
- Dictyoptera
- Dictyostelium
- Dictyostelium discoideum
- Dicyphus
- Dicyphus tamaninii
- Didymella
-
Rank of Genus, Pleosporales incertae sedis. (source: NALT)
- Didymella applanata
- Didymella bryoniae
- Didymosphaeria
- Dieffenbachia
- Diehliomyces
-
Rank of Genus, Ascomycota incertae sedis. (source: NALT)
- Dieldrin
- Dielectric properties
- diet
-
Use for what is eaten, when it is eaten, and how much is eaten. (source: NALT)
The customary allowance of food and drink taken by a person or an animal from day to day, particularly one especially planned to meet specific requirements of the individual, including or excluding certain items of food; a prescribed course of eating and drinking in which the amount and kind of food, as well as the times at which it is to be taken, are regulated for therapeutic purposes or selected with reference to a particular state of health. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Dietary guidelines
- Dietetic foods
- Dietetics
- Difenacoum
- Difenzoquat
- Diffusion
-
The movement of chemical species under the influence of a concentration difference and as a result of random thermal agitation. The species will move from the high concentration area to the low concentration area till the concentration is uniform in the whole phase. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Diflubenzuron
- digesta
- Digestibility
- Digestion
-
The process or act of converting food into chemical substances that can be absorbed and assimilated. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Digestive juices
- Digestive system
- Digestive system diseases
- Digitalis
- Digitalis lanata
- Digitalis purpurea
- Digitaria
- Digitaria ciliaris
- Digitaria eriantha
- Digitaria exilis
- Digitaria sanguinalis
- Diglyphus
- Diglyphus intermedius
- Digoxigenin
- Diheteropogon
- Diheterospora
- Dilepididae
- Dill
- Dilleniaceae
- Dilleniales
- Dimethoate
- Dimetridazole
- Diminazene
- Dimocarpus
- Dimocarpus longan
- Diniconazole
- Dinitramine
- Dinocap
- Dinophyceae
- Dinophysis
- Dinoseb
- Dioctophymatidae
- Diopsidae
- Diopsis
- Dioptidae
- Dioryctria
- Dioryctria amatella
- Dioscorea
- Dioscorea alata
- Dioscorea bulbifera
- Dioscorea cayenensis
- Dioscorea esculenta
- Dioscorea rotundata
- Dioscorea trifida
- Dioscoreaceae
- Diospyros
- Diospyros kaki
- Diospyros lotus
- Diospyros virginiana
- Dioxins
- Diparopsis
- dipeptides
- Dipetalonema
- Dipetalonema reconditum
- Diphenamid
- Diphyllobothriidae
- Diphyllobothrium
- Diphysa
- Diplocarpon
- Diplodia
- Diplodia pinea
- Diplodinium
- Diploids
- Diplopoda
- Diploptera
- Diploptera punctata
- Diplostomidae
- Diplostomum
- Diplostomum spathaceum
- Diplotaxis tenuifolia
- Diplura
- Diprion
- Diprion pini
- Diprion similis
- Diprionidae
- Dipsacaceae
- Dipsacales
- Diptera
- Dipterocarpaceae
- Dipterocarpus
- Dipteryx
- Dipylidium
- Dipylidium caninum
- Diquat
- Dirofilaria
- Dirofilaria immitis
- Dirofilariasis
- disaccharides
- disaster preparedness
- Disasters
- discoloration
-
The abnormal change in the original color of materials or products; For the process of removing color from materials or products USE decolorization. (source: NALT)
- Discula
- Discula destructiva
- Disease control
- Disease prevention
- Disease resistance
-
Describing any organism which has low susceptibility or has the ability to withstand a disease caused by infectious agents (i.e., viruses, bacteria, fungi) or by parasitic nematodes, protozoa and helminths. (source: NALT)
- Disease surveillance
-
The collection, analysis, and communication of information for the purpose of disease prevention and control, especially applicable to infectious disease. (source: NALT)
- Disease transmission
- Disinfectants
-
Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. (source: NALT)
- Disonycha
- Dispersions
-
A two-phase system consisting of the distribution of finely divided particles in a continuous medium. (source: NALT)
- Dissolved oxygen
-
The amount of free oxygen in water. (source: NALT)
- Dissolving pulp
- Distemper
- Distichlis
- Distichlis spicata
- Disulfoton
- Diterpenoids
-
Terpenoids having a C20 skeleton. (source: NALT)
- Ditylenchus
- Ditylenchus destructor
- Ditylenchus dipsaci
- Diuraphis
- Diuraphis noxia
- Diuresis
- Diuretics
- Diuron
- DNA probes
-
Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including complementary DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. (source: NALT)
A piece of DNA that has been labeled, usually radioactively or with a fluorescent dye, which is used in hybridization studies. Applications include Northern and Southern blots, in situ hybridization techniques, and diagnostic tests. DNA probes can be highly specific or degenerate. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- DNA replication
-
Library of Congress sh90005926
The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated. (source: NALT)
The process by which the two strands of a DNA double helix separate, allowing each strand to act as a template for the synthesis of a complementary strand by specific base pairing. Includes autonomous but not virus replication. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Dociostaurus
- Docosahexaenoic acid
-
A polyunsaturated very long-chain fatty acid with a 22-carbon backbone and 6 double bonds. Four separate isomers can be called by this name. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Dodine
- dogs
- Dolichodoridae
- Dolichopodidae
- Dolichovespula
- Dolomite
- dolphins
- Dolycoris
- domestic animals
- Domestication
-
The process of breeding for one or more desirable characteristics in plants and animals. (source: NALT)
- dominant genes
-
Genes that influence the phenotype both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state. (source: NALT)
- Donacidae
- Dopamine
-
One of the catecholamine neurotransmitters in the brain. It is derived from tyrosine and is the precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors mediate its action. (source: NALT)
The hydrochloride salt form of dopamine, a monoamine compound with positive inotropic activity. Dopamine is a naturally occurring catecholamine formed by decarboxylation of dehydroxyphenylalanine and a precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine binds to alpha-1- and beta-1- adrenergic receptors. Mediated through myocardial beta-1-adrenergic receptors, dopamine increase heart rate and force, thereby increasing cardiac output. Alpha-1-adrenergic receptor stimulation on vascular smooth muscle, leads to vasoconstriction and results in an increase in systemic vascular resistance. Stimulation of dopaminergic receptors in renal vasculature, leads to renal blood vessel dilation, and an increase in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, sodium excretion, and urine output. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using Google link
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Look-up using CAS number link
- Dormancy
- Dormancy breaking
- Dorosoma
- Dorylaimidae
- Dosage
- Dothideales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Double cropping
-
Library of Congress sh85039176
Two different crops grown on the same area in one growing season. (source: NALT)
- Dourine
- Down
- doxorubicin
-
Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin. (source: NALT)
An anthracycline antibiotic with antineoplastic activity. Doxorubicin, isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius, is the hydroxylated congener of daunorubicin. Doxorubicin intercalates between base pairs in the DNA helix, thereby preventing DNA replication and ultimately inhibiting protein synthesis. Additionally, doxorubicin inhibits topoisomerase II which results in an increased and stabilized cleavable enzyme-DNA linked complex during DNA replication and subsequently prevents the ligation of the nucleotide strand after double-strand breakage. Doxorubicin also forms oxygen free radicals resulting in cytotoxicity secondary to lipid peroxidation of cell membrane lipids; the formation of oxygen free radicals also contributes to the toxicity of the anthracycline antibiotics, namely the cardiac and cutaneous vascular effects. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using Google link
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- Dracaena
- Dracunculidae
- Dracunculus
- Drain pipes
- drainage
-
The systematic withdrawal of fluids and discharges from a wound, sore or cavity. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- drainage systems
-
Manmade systems of furrows, ditches, tile drains, pipes, etc. which collect and remove water from a central location. (source: NALT)
- Drainage water
-
Any water, usually precipitation or irrigation water, that enters, interacts with, and then leaves a landscape. (source: NALT)
- Drakes
- Drechslera
- Dreissena polymorpha
- Dreissenidae
- Drepanopeziza
- Drepanosiphum
- dressing percentage
- Dreyfusia
- Dreyfusia piceae
- Dried fish
- Dried fruits
- Dried meat
- Dried milk
-
Dairy product made from milk by the removal of 95-98% of the water. (source: NALT)
- Dried skim milk
-
The product obtained by removing water from pasteurized skim milk. It contains not more than 5% moisture and not more than 1.5% milk fat unless otherwise indicated. (source: NALT)
- Dried vegetables
- Dried whey
- Drinking water
-
Potable water for consumption. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Dromedaries
- Droseraceae
- Drosophila
-
A genus of small, American flies, Diptera. The best known species is D. Melanogaster, often called the fruit fly, but more correctly termed the vinegar fly. First investigated by T.H.Morgan and his group, it has been extensively used in genetic studies. More recently it has been used for studies of embryonic development. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Drosophila melanogaster
- Drosophila pseudoobscura
- Drosophila simulans
- Drosophila subobscura
- Drosophila virilis
- Drosophilidae
- Drought
- Drought tolerance
- Drug residues
- Drug resistance
-
Library of Congress sh85039708
Mechanisms, functions, activities, or processes exhibited by tumors or pathogens to withstand previously toxic drugs. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Drug therapy
- Drug toxicity
-
An adverse effect of a drug used therapeutically or diagnostically. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- drugs
-
Any chemical compounds, including nutrients, that are used in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, or cure of disease, for the relief of pain, or to control or improve any physiological or pathological disorder in humans or animals. (source: NALT)
- Dry matter content
- Dry period
-
The time in late pregnancy when a cow (or other lactating animal) ceases to give milk. Commonly, U.S. dairy cows are dried off 60 days before calving. (source: NALT)
- Dry season
- Dryobalanops
- Dryocosmus
- Dryomyzidae
- Dryopteris
- Duck meat
- Ducklings
- ducks
- Dugong dugon
- Dugongidae
- Dumontiaceae
- Dunaliella
- Dunaliella salina
- Dunaliella tertiolecta
- Dunaliellaceae
- Dune soils
- Dunes
- Dung beetles
- Duodenum
-
Library of Congress sh85039998
A jointed tube 25-30 cm long that connects the stomach to the jejunum. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Duration
-
The period of time during which something continues. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- durians
-
a large oval tasty but foul-smelling fruit with a prickly rind (source: NALT)
- Durio
- Durio zibethinus
- dwarf koa
- Dye plants
- Dyera
- Dyes
- Dynamics
- Dysaphis
- Dysaphis plantaginea
- Dysautonomia
-
Library of Congress sh85040331
An acute or chronic disorder, affecting the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system. It can be primary, the result of central nervous system degeneration, or secondary due to diabetes or alcoholism. Patients with the chronic form of this disorder usually have a progressive clinical course and a poor prognosis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Dyschondroplasia
-
Abnormal development of cartilage and bone. (source: NALT)
- Dysdercus
- Dysdercus cingulatus
- Dysdercus koenigii
- Dystocia
-
Slow or difficult obstetric labor or childbirth. (source: NALT)
- Dytiscidae
- eagles
- Ear cropping
- Ear diseases
- Earias
- Earias insulana
- Earias vittella
- Early diagnosis
- early selection
- Ears
- Earthquakes
- earthworms
- Eastern spruce budworm
- Eating disorders
- Ebenaceae
- ecdysones
- Ecdysterone
- Echinacea purpurea
- Echinochloa
- Echinochloa colona
- Echinochloa crus galli
- Echinochloa frumentacea
- Echinochloa polystachya
- Echinococcosis
-
A parasitic infection caused by tapeworm larvae of Echinococcus. It affects livestock and humans. It is characterized by the formation of hydatid cysts mainly in the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys. Rupture of the cysts may lead to shock. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Echinococcus
- Echinococcus granulosus
- Echinococcus multilocularis
- Echinoderms
- Echinoidea
- Echinostoma
- Echinostoma revolutum
- Echinostomatidae
- Echium
- Eclampsia
-
Library of Congress sh91004075
A potentially life-threatening pregnancy-related disorder characterized by tonic-clonic seizures in association with hypertension after the twentieth week of gestation and up to six weeks postpartum and in the absence of other potential causes of seizures. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ecological soil types
- ecological succession
- ecology
-
The branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- ecosystems
-
A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (source: NALT)
- ecotones
-
Library of Congress sh90000487
Zones of transition where two or more ecosystems meet. (source: NALT)
- Ecotoxicology
-
The term was first coined in 1969 by Ren
- Ecotypes
-
A subspecific group that is genetically adapted to a particular habitat. (source: NALT)
- Ectoparasites
- Eczema
-
Library of Congress sh85040936
A form of dermatitis characterized by red, itchy, scaly, or crusty patches that can be chronic or intermittent. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Edible films
- Edwardsiella
-
A genus of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria and the family Enterobacteriaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Egg laying
- Egg products
-
Use egg products or one of its narrower terms for eggs as food; for eggs as embryonic structures USE eggs; for the female germ cell USE ova; for the group of eggs (ova) laid by a female in a single egg-laying event USE egg masses. (source: NALT)
- Eggs
-
Use for eggs as embryonic structures; for the female germ cell USE ova; for the group of eggs (ova) laid by a female in a single egg-laying event USE egg masses; for eggs as food USE egg products or one of its narrower terms. (source: NALT)
- Ehrlichia
-
A genus of bacteria that that is primarily vectored by ticks and cause disease in humans, ruminants, canids, and rodents. (source: NALT)
- Eimeria
- Ejaculation
-
The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. (NCI) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Elaeagnus umbellata
- Elaeidobius
- Elaeis
- Elaeocarpaceae
- Elapidae
- Elateridae
- Elatobium
- Electrical conductivity
- Electrical properties
- Electrolytes
-
Substances that ionize into anions and cations in body fluids. Electrolytes regulate nerve and muscle function and water distribution between cells, plasma, and interstitial fluid. Imbalances can cause serious physiologic effects, including seizures, cardiac arrhythmias and convulsions. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Electromagnetic radiation
-
The radiation of energy as transverse waves produced by moving charges. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Electronics
- Elements
- Eleocharis
- Elettaria cardamomum
- Eleutherococcus
- elks
- Elsinoe
- Elymus
- Emaciation
-
Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. (source: NALT)
- Embryo transfer
-
The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. (source: NALT)
Refers to a step in the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF) whereby one or several embryos are removed from an embryo culture and placed into the uterus of the female with the intent to establish a pregnancy. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Embryology
-
The branch of biology that studies the formation and early development of living organisms. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Embryonic mortality
-
Death of the embryo during embryogenesis. (source: NALT)
- embryonic structures
- Emissions
-
Discharges into the environment, such as gases, particulates, odors, dust, heat, steam, etc. (source: NALT)
- Emodin
- Empoasca
- Emulsifiers
- Emulsions
- emus
- Emydidae
- Encarsia
- Encephalitis
-
Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. Use for encephalitis of general nature; for encephalitis caused by viral agents USE viral encephalitis. (source: NALT)
An acute inflammatory process affecting the brain parenchyma. Causes include viral infections and less frequently bacterial infections, toxins, and immune-mediated processes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Encephalomalacia
-
Softening or loss of brain tissue following cerebral infarction; cerebral ischemia, infection, craniocerebral trauma, or other injury. (source: NALT)
Localized atrophy of the brain parenchyma due to aging, hemorrhage, infarct, or inflammation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Encephalopathy
-
A functional and/or structural disorder of the brain caused by diseases (e.g. liver disease, kidney disease), medications, chemicals, and injuries. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Encyrtidae
- endangered species
-
Animals, plants, birds, fish, or other living organisms threatened with extinction by man-made or natural changes in the environment. (source: NALT)
- Endocrine diseases
- Endocrine glands
- Endocrinology
-
The science and medical specialty concerned with the metabolism, physiology, or hormonal secretions and their physiologic and pathologic relations. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Endocytosis
-
Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Endogonales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Endosulfan
- Endothia
- Endotoxins
-
Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. (source: NALT)
- Endrin
- Energy balance
- energy expenditure
-
the combination of basal energy needs, plus the thermic effect of food, plus a small amount of energy needed to perform the most basic sedentary activities. (source: NALT)
- Energy metabolism
-
Any subcellular or molecular event, process, or condition concerned with storing and generating metabolic energy. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Engraulidae
- Ensilage (product)
-
Any crop that is harvested green and preserved in a succulent condition by partial fermentation in a more-or-less airtight container such as a silo. (source: NALT)
- Entamoeba
- Enteritis
-
Use for the inflammation of the intestine; for the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the intestine and stomach USE gastroenteritis. (source: NALT)
Inflammation of the small intestine. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Enterobacter
-
A genus of Gram-negative, motile, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria with peritrichous flagella in the phylum Proteobacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Enterobacter aerogenes
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium in the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile, oxidase and indole negative, catalase and citrate positive, ferments lactose and is considered a coliform bacteria. E. aerogenes is found in the gastrointestinal tract and is an opportunistic pathogen commonly acquired nosocomially, causing skin, soft tissue, respiratory, urinary tract and eye infections. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Enterobacter cloacae
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium in the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile by peritrichous flagella, oxidase, urease and indole negative, catalase positive, reduces nitrate, does not degrade pectate and produces acid from sorbitol. E. cloacae is associated with hospital-acquired urinary and respiratory tract infections and is used in industry for explosives biodegradation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Enterobacteriaceae
-
A taxonomic family of Gram-negative bacterium, which are found in water, soil or the gut, in the phylum Proteobacteria that includes the genera Aranicola, Buttiauxella, Cedecea, Cronobacter, Enterobacter and Citrobacter, among others. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Enterocolitis
-
Inflammation of the mucosa of both the small intestine and the large intestine. Etiology includes ischemia, infections, allergic, and immune responses. (source: NALT)
An inflammatory process affecting the small intestine and colon. Causes include viruses, bacteria, radiation, and antibiotics use. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Enterotoxins
-
Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria. (source: NALT)
- Enterovirus
-
Library of Congress sh85044093
A (+) strand single strand RNA virus of the picornavirus family. Poliovirus is an enterovirus. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Entodinium
- Entomology
-
Entomology; the branch of zoology that studies insects. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Entomophthorales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- environment
-
The totality of surrounding conditions. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Environmental degradation
- environmental factors
- Environmental impact
- environmental management
- environmental protection
-
Environmental protection includes prevention (avoidance) strategies to protect the environment from future damage or degradation; and control measures to restore and maintain environmental quality. (source: NALT)
- Enzyme inhibitors
- Enzymes
- Eoreuma
- Eoreuma loftini
- Eperua
- Ephedrine
- Ephemeroptera
- Ephestia
- Ephestia elutella
- Ephestia kuehniella
- Ephydridae
- Epichloe
- Epidemiology
-
Library of Congress sh85044373
The study of the various factors influencing the occurrence, distribution, prevention, and control of disease, injury, and other health-related events in a defined population. (source: NALT)
The study of the causes, incidence and distribution of disease in the population and its application for prevention or control. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Epididymis
-
A crescent-like structure located in the upper and posterior surfaces of the testis. It consists of the efferent ductules and the duct of the epididymis. It facilitates the maturation of sperm that is produced in the testis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Epilachna
- Epilepsy
-
A brain disorder characterized by episodes of abnormally increased neuronal discharge resulting in transient episodes of sensory or motor neurological dysfunction, or psychic dysfunction. These episodes may or may not be associated with loss of consciousness or convulsions. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Epilobium
- Epilobium angustifolium
- Epimedium
- Epipremnum
- Epithelium
-
Library of Congress sh85044466
The avascular cellular layers that cover body surfaces and cavities and may form glands. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Epitrix
- Equidae
-
Taxonomic family which includes horses, zebras, and asses. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Equine arteritis virus
- Equine encephalomyelitis
-
A group of Alphavirus infections which affect horses and man, transmitted via the bites of mosquitoes. Disorders in this category are endemic to regions of South America and North America. (source: NALT)
- Equine infectious anaemia
-
Viral disease of horses caused by the equine infectious anemia virus. It is characterized by intermittent fever, weakness, and anemia. Chronic infection consists of acute episodes with remissions. (source: NALT)
- Eretmocerus
- Eretmochelys
- Ergot alkaloids
- Ergotism
-
Poisoning caused by ingesting ergotized grain or by the misdirected or excessive use of ergot as a medicine. (source: NALT)
- Ericaceae
- Ericales
- Erigeron
- Eriococcidae
- Eriophyidae
- Eriosoma
- Eroded soil
- erosion control
- Eruca
- Eruca sativa
- Erucic acid
-
A monounsaturated very long-chain fatty acid with a 22-carbon backbone and a single double bond originating from the 9th position from the methyl end, with the double bond in the cis- configuration. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Erwinia
- Erwinia amylovora
- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, rod shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Firmicutes. This species is nonsporulating, not acid fast, decolorizes rapidly so may appear Gram negative, alpha-hemolytic and catalase and oxidase negative. E. rhusiopathiae is found in a variety of host animals including fish and swine as well as in feces and sewage. It is pathogenic in a variety of organisms including domestic swine and humans, causing both cutaneous and septicemic infections and the disease swine erysipelas. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Erysiphales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Erysiphe graminis
- Erythroblasts
- erythrocytes
- Erythroneura
- Erythropoietin
- Escherichia coli
-
A common, gram negative gut bacterium that has been studied intensively by geneticists because of its small genome size, normal lack of pathogenicity, and ease of growth in the laboratory. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Essential amino acids
- Essential fatty acids
- essential oils
-
Volatile oils in aromatic plants which give the characteristic odor or flavor to the plant. Often used in fragrances and flavorings. (source: NALT)
- Esterases
- Esterification
- Esters
- Estigmene
- Ethanol
-
A colorless organic liquid also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol. Ethanol’s primary physiologic effects involve the central nervous system. Depending on the dose delivered, ethanol behaves as an anxiolytic, a depressant, or a general anesthetic. Ethanol-induced immunosuppression involves dysregulation of CD4+ T cells. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ethephon
- Ethnobotany
-
The plant lore and agricultural customs of a people. In the fields of ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology, the emphasis is on traditional medicine and the existence and medicinal uses of plants and plant extracts and their constituents, both historically and in modern times. (source: NALT)
- Ethylene
- Ethylene production
- Eucalyptus globulus
- Eucalyptus pilularis
- eukaryotic cells
-
Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. (source: NALT)
- Eulecanium
- Eulophidae
- Euonymus
- Eupatorium
- Eupelmidae
- Euphorbia antisyphilitica
- Euphorbiaceae
- Eupoecilia
- Eupoecilia ambiguella
- Euproctis chrysorrhoea
- European foul brood
- Eurotiales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Eurytomidae
- Eurytrema
- Euseius gossipi
- Euterpe
- Euthanasia
- Eutypa
- Eutypella
- Euxoa
- Euxoa messoria
- Evaporated milk
-
Dairy product made by removal of about 60% of the water to concentrate the milk and sterilizing to prevent spoilage. (source: NALT)
- Evergestis
- evolution
-
The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Excreta
- Excretion
-
THe process by which waste matter is discharged from the body Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Exobasidiales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Exochomus
- Exocoetidae
- Exocrine glands
- Exotoxins
-
Toxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, and released into the culture medium or environment. (source: NALT)
- Explosions
- Exserohilum
- Extracellular fluid
- Extracts
- Eye diseases
- Eyes
- Faba beans
- Fagaceae
- Fagales
- Fagopyrum esculentum
- Fagus grandifolia
- Faidherbia albida
- falcons
- fallow
- Fanniidae
- Fasciolidae
- Fasting
-
Use for the voluntary total deprivation of food by humans; for the involuntary and continuous deprivation of foods to humans USE starvation. (source: NALT)
Abstaining from food. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Fat substitutes
-
Foods that are used in place of fats in recipes; for chemical formulations used to replace fats USE fat replacers (source: NALT)
- Fatsia
- Fatsia japonica
- Fatty acids
- Fatty alcohols
- Fauna
- Feather meal
-
Protein feed supplement obtained by hydrolysis of feathers under heat and pressure. (source: NALT)
- Feathers
- Feed additives
-
Substances added to feeds to alter, improve or maintain feed characteristics or quality. Use for the addition of nutritive substances as part of the formulation of specific feed products; For substances which are typically not consumed as a single item of a meal or diet, but are added to the diet to improve the nutritional status of animals or added to feeds to enhance the nutrient content or nutritional value of feeds, ADD feed supplements. (source: NALT)
- feed composition
-
Use for descriptions of the composition of feeds, without regard to their efficacy in the organism; For articles evaluating the ability of a feed to contribute to the diet and/or nutritional status of an animal, USE “nutritive value” or one of its narrower terms. (source: NALT)
- feed formulations
- Feed intake
- Feed processing
- Feed quality
- feed supplements
-
Nutrients or other compounds designed to improve the nutrient content and nutritive value of feeds, and/or the nutritional status of animals. Use for substances which are typically not consumed as a single item of a meal or diet, but are added to the diet to improve the nutritional status of animals or added to feeds to enhance the nutrient content or nutritional value of feeds; For the addition of nutritive substances as part of the formulation of specific feed products, ADD feed additives. (source: NALT)
- Feeding level
- Feeding preferences
- Feedlots
-
Confinement facilities where cattle are fed to produce beef for the commercial trade. (source: NALT)
- feeds
-
Use for foodstuffs used to feed livestock and other animals; for the raw material used in industrial processing which is converted to other products USE feedstocks. (source: NALT)
- Felidae
-
Taxonomic family which includes domestic and wild cats such as lions and tigers. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Feline infectious peritonitis
-
Common coronavirus infection of cats caused by the feline infectious peritonitis virus (Feline coronavirus). The disease is characterized by a long incubation period, fever, depression, loss of appetite, wasting, and progressive abdominal enlargement. Infection of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage appears to be essential in FIP pathogenesis. (source: NALT)
- Female genital diseases
- females
- Fenthion
- Fermentation
- Fermented foods
- Ferritin
-
An iron protein complex, containing up to 23% iron, formed by the union of ferric iron with apoferritin; it is found in the intestinal mucosa, spleen, bone marrow, reticulocytes, and liver, and regulates iron storage and transport from the intestinal lumen to plasma. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ferroxidase
- Fertilizer application
- fertilizers
-
Any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin which is added to soil to provide nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, necessary to sustain plant growth. (source: NALT)
- Fertirrigation
- Ferula
- Ferulic acid
- fever
-
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process. (source: NALT)
Elevation of body temperature above normal due to inflammatory or immune responses. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Fibrinogen
-
A fibrillar protein present in blood plasma; it converts to fibrin during the process of blood clot formation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Fibrinolysis
- Fibroblasts
-
Library of Congress sh85048034
Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. (source: NALT)
- Fibroma
-
A benign neoplasm arising from the fibrous tissues. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Field crops
- Fields
- Filariidae
- Filaroididae
- Filobasidiales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Fingerlings
-
Young immature fish less than one year old, between 2-25 cm in length, and often used for stocking, line feeds and baits. (source: NALT)
- Fiorinia
- Fires
- firsz
- fish
-
Includes common types of fish; For taxonomic classification SEE Pisces. (source: NALT)
A grouping of jawed and jawless vertebrate animals usually having fins and a covering of scales or plates, breathing by means of gills, and living almost entirely in the water. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Fish culture
-
The cultivation of fish, including freshwater and marine species, for food or other purposes. (source: NALT)
- Fish diseases
-
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates). (source: NALT)
- Fish feeding
- Fish meal
- fish oils
- Fish ponds
- Fish products
- Fissipedia
- Flammulina
- Flammulina velutipes
- Flamprop
- Flavivirus
-
A genus of enveloped viruses with a genome consisting of a single molecule of linear positive-sense single-stranded RNA. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Flavones
- Flavonoids
- Flocks
-
Use for birds, goats, and sheep. (source: NALT)
- Flooding tolerance
- Flora
- Floriculture
- Flowering
- Flowers
- Flufenoxuron
- Fluid mechanics
-
The study of the mechanical properties of fluids, i.e. liquids and gases, in motion or at rest. (source: NALT)
- Flunixin
- Fluorides
- Fluorosis
- Fluorouracil
-
An antimetabolite fluoropyrimidine analog of the nucleoside pyrimidine with antineoplastic activity. Fluorouracil and its metabolites possess a number of different mechanisms of action. In vivo, fluoruracil is converted to the active metabolite 5-fluoroxyuridine monophosphate (F-UMP); replacing uracil, F-UMP incorporates into RNA and inhibits RNA processing, thereby inhibiting cell growth. Another active metabolite, 5-5-fluoro-2’-deoxyuridine-5’-O-monophosphate (F-dUMP), inhibits thymidylate synthase, resulting in the depletion of thymidine triphosphate (TTP), one of the four nucleotide triphosphates used in the in vivo synthesis of DNA. Other fluorouracil metabolites incorporate into both RNA and DNA; incorporation into RNA results in major effects on both RNA processing and functions. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Flusilazole
- Fly ash
- Foeniculum
- Folpet
- Fomes
- Fomitopsis
- Food additives
-
Any substance added to food to: 1) maintain product consistency, 2) improve or maintain nutritional value, 3) maintain palatability or wholesomeness, 4) provide leavening or control pH, or 5) enhance flavor or impart desired color. Use for the addition of nutritive substances as part of the formulation of specific food products; For substances which are typically not consumed as a single item of a meal or diet, but are added to the diet to improve the nutritional status of organisms or added to foods to enhance the nutrient content or nutritional value of foods, ADD dietary supplements. (source: NALT)
- Food allergies
-
In a true food allergy, the body’s immune system recognizes a reaction-provoking substance, or allergen, in the food–usually a protein–as foreign and produces antibodies. Use for food that is ingested; For allergies caused by touching foods USE contact dermatitis. (source: NALT)
- food composition
-
Use for descriptions of the composition of foods, without regard to their efficacy in the organism; For articles evaluating the ability of a food to contribute to the diet and/or nutritional status of a human, USE “nutritive value” or one of it narrower terms. (source: NALT)
- Food contamination
-
Use for the chemical, physical or biological contamination of food; For the overall process of protection against intentional contamination of the food supply USE food defense. (source: NALT)
- Food crops
-
Use for plants cultivated for food; For plants that serve as a source of food for phytophagous organisms USE food plants. (source: NALT)
- food fortification
-
Use for addition of a nutrient to a food to increase the nutrient content above natural levels; For the addition of a nutrient to a processed food to replace losses of the nutrient that occured during processing USE food enrichment. (source: NALT)
- food handling
- Food intake
-
Use for the quantity of food eaten by individuals or groups or animals or humans in epidemiological or study settings; for the consumption of food by humans at the local, regional, or national level as an economic indicator USE food consumption. (source: NALT)
- food irradiation
- Food preservation
-
A variety of methods used to maintain foods in an edible state. (source: NALT)
- Food processing
-
The treatments used to manufacture food products for retail markets; For the preparation of foods for meals USE food preparation; For production of food at the local, regional, or national level as an economic indicator USE food production; For the preparation of harvested or gathered commodities, such as food crops, feed crops or wood, for fresh market or processing USE postharvest treatment. (source: NALT)
- Food quality
- Food safety
-
The fitness of a food for human consumption. (source: NALT)
Policies, practices and research that ensure the fitness of food for human consumption. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Food spoilage
-
Varying degrees of physical, chemical and/or biological deterioration of food sensory properties, nutrient content, and/or safety. Major causes include: 1) growth and activity of microorganisms, 2) natural enzymes, 3) insects, parasites and rodents, 4) temperature, 5) moisture and dryness, 6) air/oxygen, 7) light, 9) time. (source: NALT)
- foods
- Foot diseases
- forage
-
Roughage crops of high feeding value, high in fiber, and grown especially to feed ruminants. Includes grasses and legumes cut at the proper stage of maturity and stored to preserve quality. Use for the edible plant parts other than grain that are grazed by animals or that can be harvested for feeding of animals; For crops grown for consumption by livestock USE forage crops. (source: NALT)
- Forced feeding
- Forcipomyia
- Foreign bodies
- forest decline
-
A complex disorder involving abiotic and biotic stresses on a forest stand that results in a slow, progressive decrease in growth with loss of health and vigor. Mortality is common. However, affected trees may recover once the stresses are removed. Natural factors (hurricanes, floods, fires, drought, pests, etc.) as well as human activity (deforestation and forest degradation) are involved. (source: NALT)
- Forest plantations
- Forest products
- Forest soils
- forests
- Forficulidae
- Formaldehyde
-
A colorless poisonous gas synthesized by the oxidation of methanol and used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, histologic fixative, and general-purpose chemical reagent for laboratory applications. Formaldehyde is readily soluble in water and is commonly distributed as a 37% solution in water; formalin, a 10% solution of formaldehyde in water, is used as a disinfectant and to preserve biological specimens. Environmentally, formaldehyde may be found in the atmosphere, smoke from fires, automobile exhaust and cigarette smoke. Small amounts are produced during normal metabolic processes in most organisms, including humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Formicidae
- Formononetin
- Fossils
- Fowlpox virus
- Foxes
- Fracture fixation
-
An orthopedic procedure to set the position of broken bones while they heal. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Fragaria chiloensis
- Francisella tularensis
-
A species of aerobic, Gram negative, coccobacilli shaped bacterium in the phylum Proteobacteria. It has two main serotypes, Jellison Type A and Jellison Type B. This species is hemolytic, oxidase negative, catalase positive and nonfermentative. F. tularensis is pathogenic, being a causative agent of Tularemia which is mainly contracted when handling infected rabbits. This bacterium has been classified as a Category A critical biological agent due to its ease of dissemination by aerosol, causing high mortality with the potential for a major public health impact. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Frangipani
- Fraxinus
- Free amino acids
- Freemartinism
-
A condition occurring in the female offspring of dizygotic twins in a mixed-sex pregnancy, usually in cattle. Freemartinism can occur in other mammals. When placental fusion between the male and the female fetuses permits the exchange of fetal cells and fetal hormones, testicular hormones from the male fetus can androgenize the female fetus producing a sterile XX/XY chimeric “female”(chimerism). (source: NALT)
- Freezing
-
The removal of heat to change a substance from a liquid to a solid. (source: NALT)
- Freshwater molluscs
- Frogs
- Frost resistance
- Frozen foods
- Fructokinase
- fruit drop
- Fruit juices
- Fruit products
- Fruit pulps
- Fruiting
- Frying
- Fucose
- fuels
-
Use for materials which are used for the purpose of releasing energy; For the use of wood as a source of energy USE fuelwood; For the living or dead vegetation that can be ignited USE fuels (fire ecology). (source: NALT)
- Fuelwood
-
Use for the use of wood as a source of energy; For the living or dead vegetation that can be ignited USE fuels (fire ecology); For materials which are used for the purpose of releasing energy USE fuels. (source: NALT)
- Fulgoroidea
- Fumaria officinalis
- Fumariaceae
- Fumaric acid
- Fumigation
- Fungal antigens
- Fungal spores
- fungicides
-
Use for the antifungal substances used in the control of plant fungal diseases and fungal growth on abiotic materials (wood, plastics, etc.); for the antifungal substances that are used in drug therapy of animals and humans USE antifungal agents. (source: NALT)
- Furathiocarb
- furazolidone
-
A nitrofuran antimicrobial agent used in the treatment of diarrhea or enteritis caused by bacteria or protozoan infections. Furazolidone is also active in treating typhoid fever, cholera and salmonella infections. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Furfural
- Furosemide
-
A sulfamoylanthranilic acid derivative, also known as frusemide, and potent loop diuretic. Furosemide is widely used to treat hypertension and edema. This agent is highly bound to albumin and is largely excreted unchanged in the urine. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Furrow irrigation
-
A surface irrigation method in which water is run in small ditches or furrows, usually spaced closely together between crop rows or groups of rows. (source: NALT)
- Fusarium
-
A genus of filamentous fungi in the phylum Ascomycota that is widely distributed in soil and in association with plants. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Fusicoccum
- Fusobacterium necrophorum
-
A species of anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Fusobacteria. This species is non-spore forming, does not hydrolyze dextran and is superoxide dismutase and lysine decarboxylase negative. F. necrophorum is found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals, but is more likely to be associated with infections in animals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Gadidae
- Gaeumannomyces
- Galactans
- Galactitol
- Galactose
- Galactosidases
- Galerucella
- Galinsoga
- Gall bladder
- Galliformes
- game birds
-
Birds which are widely hunted for sport. (source: NALT)
- Gametocytes
-
Undifferentiated plant or animal cells that divide by meiosis to produce gametes. (source: NALT)
- Ganglia
- Ganoderma
- Garcinia
- Gardening
- gardens
- garlic
-
A bulbous herb isolated from the plant Allium sativum with potential antineoplastic activity. Garlic contains a number of different organosulfur compounds, some of which have displayed antineoplastic activity. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
Reference USDA PLANTS link
- Garryaceae
- Gases
- Gasterosteidae
- Gastritis
-
Inflammation of the stomach, especially the gastric mucosa. (source: NALT)
Inflammation of the stomach. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Gastroenteritis
-
Use for the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the intestine and stomach; for the inflammation of the intestine USE enteritis. (source: NALT)
An inflammatory disorder that affects the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Most commonly, this is attributed to viruses; however bacteria, parasites or adverse reactions can also be the culprit. Symptoms include acute diarrhea and vomiting. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Gastrointestinal agents
- Gastrointestinal hormones
-
Hormones secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs. (source: NALT)
- Gastrointestinal motility
- Gastropoda
- Gastrothylacidae
- Gaviiformes
- Gazelles
- geese
- Gelechiidae
- gels
- gene banks
-
A large database of gene sequence data. Use for databases of gene sequence data; for discussions of physical collections of DNA USE “DNA libraries”; for genetic resources stored in a germplasm collection, USE germplasm conservation. (source: NALT)
- gene frequency
-
The proportion of one particular in the total of all alleles for one genetic locus in a breeding population. (source: NALT)
- Gene fusion
-
The genetic recombination of the parts of two or more genes resulting in a gene with different or additional regulatory regions, or a new chimeric gene product. (source: NALT)
Any hybrid gene formed from two previously separate genes. Such fusions occur as a result of translocation, intersititial deletion or chromosomal inversion, and often result in gene products with functions different from the two fusion partners. Gene fusions are associated frequently with hematological cancers, sarcomas and prostate cancer. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Gene transfer
-
The introduction of functional (usually cloned) genes into cells and organisms by a variety of techniques, resulting in genetically transformed cells and individuals. (source: NALT)
Incorporation of new DNA into an organism’s cells, usually by a vector such as a modified virus. Used in gene therapy.(From Human Genome Project Information). Source: NCI thesaurus link
- genes
-
Specific sequences of nucleotides along a molecule of DNA (or, in the case of some viruses, RNA) which represent functional units of heredity. Most eukaryotic genes contain a set of coding regions (exons) that are spliced together in the transcript, after removal of intervening sequence (introns) and are therefore labeled split genes. (source: NALT)
- Genetic disorders
- genetic engineering
-
Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. (source: NALT)
The technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Genetic improvement
- Genetic polymorphism
-
Library of Congress sh85053865
The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (polymorphism, single nucleotide) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level. (source: NALT)
The regular and simultaneous occurrence of alternative nucleotide sequences at equivalent locations of the genetic material among individuals of a single interbreeding population that are not maintained by recurrent mutation. Polymorphisms may range in size from single nucleotide to large nucleotide sequence variation visible at the chromosomal level. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Genetic resistance
-
The relative amount of heritable qualities possessed by a organism that reduces the degree of damage to the organism by pests, pathogens, injuries or other deleterious agents. (source: NALT)
- genetic resources
- Genetic soil types
- genetic variation
-
Genetic Variation consists of deviation(s) in the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material of an individual from that typical of the group to which the individual belongs, or deviation(s) in the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material of offspring from that of its parents. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Genetic vectors
-
Any DNA molecule capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from plasmids, bacteriophages or viruses. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain genetic markers to facilitate their selective recognition. (source: NALT)
- Genetically modified foods
-
Dbpedia Genetically modified foods
Foods produced from genetically modified organisms. These species have undergone directed modification of their gene complement using such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. (source: NALT)
- genetically modified organisms
- genetics
-
The branch of biology that deals with heredity, especially the mechanisms of hereditary transmission and the variation of inherited characteristics among similar or related organisms Source: NCI thesaurus link
- genomics
-
Library of Congress sh2002000809
The branch of genetics that studies organisms in terms of their genomes, i.e., their complete DNA sequence. (source: NALT)
- Genotoxicity
-
The degree to which a toxin has adverse effects on DNA. (source: NALT)
- genotypes
-
The genetic constitution of an organism, cell, individual or taxon, as distinct from its physical appearance (i.e., phenotype). (source: NALT)
- Gentianaceae
- Gentianales
- Gentiobiose
-
Disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in a beta (1-6) glycosidic linkage. (source: NALT)
- Geochemistry
- Geocoris
- Geographical distribution
- Geography
-
The science that deals with the world and its inhabitants; a description of the earth, or a portion of the earth, including its structure, features, products, political divisions, and the people by whom it is inhabited. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Geology
- Geometridae
- Geotrupidae
- Geraniales
- Geraniol
- Gerbera
- Germplasm conservation
-
Use for genetic resources stored in a germplasm collection; for physical collections of DNA USE DNA libraries; for databases of gene sequence data USE gene banks. (source: NALT)
- Gesneriaceae
- Gestation period
- Getah virus
- Giardia
-
A genus of parasitic protozoa that is the cause of giardiasis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Gigartinaceae
- Gilletteella
- Gills
- Gilpinia
- Gilpinia hercyniae
- Gin (beverage)
- Gingiva
-
The soft tissue surrounding the neck of individual teeth as well as covering the alveolar bone. The tissue is fibrous and continuous with the periodontal ligament and mucosal covering. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Gizzard
-
The thick-walld muscular pouch, part of the digestive system of birds, insects and invertebrates, which is responsible for digestion. It is located beneath the crop in birds and reptiles. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Glanders
-
A contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by Pseudomonas mallei (syn. Burkholderia mallei) and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin. (source: NALT)
- Gleditsia
- Gliadin
- Global warming
- Gloeophyllum
- Gloeosporium
- Glomerella cingulata
- Glossinidae
- Glucans
- Glucocorticoids
- Gluconeogenesis
-
Biosynthesis of glucose from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate precursors, such as lactate; pyruvate; alanine; and glycerol. (source: NALT)
The biosynthesis of new glucose as opposed to that generated by the metabolism of glycogen. Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the liver or kidneys, and involves the biosynthesis of glucose from 3-carbon or 4-carbon non-carbohydrate precursors such as amino acids or fats. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Gluconobacter
- Glucose
-
A simple sugar monosaccharide having two isoforms, alpha and beta, with a chemical structure of C6H12O6 that acts as an energy source for both plants and animals by reacting with oxygen, generating carbon dioxide and water, and releasing energy. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
- Glucose 6 phosphate isomerase
- Glucose oxidase
- Glucose tolerance
- Glucosidases
- Glucosides
- Glues
- Glutamate ammonia ligase
- Glutamate decarboxylase
- Glutamate dehydrogenase
- Glutamic acid
- Glutamine
-
A nonessential amino acid. Glutamine can donate the ammonia on its side chain to the formation of urea (for eventual excretion by the kidneys) and to purines (necessary for the synthesis of nucleic acids). Glutamic acid-to-glutamine conversion, in which an ammonia group is added to glutamic acid (catalyzed by glutamine synthase), is of central importance in the regulation of toxic levels of ammonia in the body. This agent is a substrate for the production of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (glutamate and GABA) and is also an important source of energy for the nervous system. Glutamine may become a conditionally essential amino acid during certain catabolic states. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Glutathione peroxidase
- Glutelins
- Gluten
- Glycerin
-
A trihydroxyalcohol with localized osmotic diuretic and laxative effects. Glycerin elevates the blood plasma osmolality thereby extracting water from tissues into interstitial fluid and plasma. This agent also prevents water reabsorption in the proximal tubule in the kidney leading to an increase in water and sodium excretion and a reduction in blood volume. Administered rectally, glycerin exerts a hyperosmotic laxative effect by attracting water into the rectum, thereby relieving constipation. In addition, glycerin is used as a solvent, humectant and vehicle in various pharmaceutical preparations. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Glycine (amino acid)
- Glycine max
- Glycoalkaloids
- Glycogenolysis
-
The release of glucose from glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase (phosphorolysis). The released glucose-1-phosphate is then converted to glucose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase before entering glycolysis. Glycogenolysis is stimulated by glucagon or epinephrine via the activation of phosphorylase kinase. (source: NALT)
- Glycolipids
- glycols
- Glycolysis
-
A metabolic process that converts glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex carbohydrates, such as glycogen and starch. (source: NALT)
A series of anaerobic chemical reactions that cells utilize to produce energy. Glycolysis is a biochemical pathway in which glucose is catabolized into lactate or pyruvate via enzymatic reactions to generate ATP. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Glyconeogenesis
-
The biosythesis of glycogen from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate precursors. Use for biosynthesis of glycogen from non-carbohydrate precursors, such as lactate; for biosynthesis of glycogen from glucose USE glycogenesis. (source: NALT)
- Glycoproteins
- Glycosaminoglycans
- Glycosidases
- Glycosides
- Glycosuria
- Glycosyltransferases
- Glycyphagidae
- Glyoxylate cycle
- Gnathostomatidae
- Gnetopsida
- Gnomonia
- Goat cheese
- Goats
- Gobio
- Goldfish
- Golgi apparatus
-
A stack of flattened vesicles located between the nucleus and the secretory pole or surface of a cell. Functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and directing them to secretory vesicles, lysosomes, or the cell membrane. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or golgi apparatus and fuse with the golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Gonadal dysgenesis
-
A congenital disorder characterized by the presence of extremely hypoplastic gonads preventing the development of secondary sex characteristics. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Gonadotropins
- Gonads
-
Organs which produce gametes. (source: NALT)
- Gonioctena
- Goniozus
- Gonipterus
- Gossypium arboreum
- Gossypium barbadense
- Gossypium herbaceum
- Gossypium hirsutum
- Gout
- Gracilariaceae
- Gracillaridae
- Graft compatibility
-
Use for the compatibility/incompatibility of grafts in plants; For the immunological attack mounted by a graft towards a host in animals and humans USE graft versus host reactions; For the immune response of the host to an incompatible graft in animals and humans USE graft rejection. (source: NALT)
- Grain crops
-
Crops, mostly grass crops, that are grown for their edible seeds, such as corn, wheat, rye, buckwheat, amaranth, and etc. Grain markets include soybeans as grains. (source: NALT)
- gram negative bacteria
- gram positive bacteria
- Gramineae
- Graminella
- Graminella nigrifrons
- Granulocytes
- Granuloma
-
Library of Congress sh85056443
An inflammatory reaction usually caused by infectious organisms, foreign bodies, or cholesterol deposits. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid histiocytes and chronic inflammation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Granulosa cells
- Grapefruits
- Graphocephala
- Graphognathus
- grasses
- Grassland soils
- grasslands
- Grazing
-
Feeding on standing vegetation, as by livestock or wild animals. (source: NALT)
- Green manures
-
Crops grown to be incorporated into the soil to increase soil quality, fertility and structure. (source: NALT)
- greenhouse effect
-
A popular term used to describe the roles of greenhouse gases in keeping the Earth’s surface warmer than it would be otherwise. These ” radiatively active” gases are relatively transparent to incoming shortwave radiation, but are relatively opaque to outgoing longwave radiation, trapping it for subsequent re-radiation back to the surface, maintaining higher surface temperatures. (source: NALT)
- Greenhouse gases
-
Those gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, tropospheric ozone, nitrous oxide, and methane, that are transparent to solar radiation but opaque to longwave radiation. Their action is similar to that of glass in a greenhouse. (source: NALT)
- Greenhouse soils
- Gregarinida
- Gremmeniella
- grilling
- Griseofulvin
-
An antifungal agent derived from the mold Penicillium griseofulvum that is used to treat fungal infections of the skin and nails. Griseofulvin binds to tubulin, disrupting microtubule function and inhibiting mitosis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Grossulariaceae
- groundwater
- Groundwater flow
- Groundwater recharge
- Group behaviour
- growing media
-
Use for the substrates used for growing plants in containers; for the artificial media or substrates used for growing organisms in vitro USE culture media. (source: NALT)
- Growth disorders
- Growth factors
- Growth rings
-
The layer of wood growth put on a tree during a single growing season. In the temperate zone, the annual growth rings of many species (e.g., oaks and pines) are readily distinguished because of the differences in the cells formed during the early and late parts of the season. In some temperate zone species (e.g., black gum and sweetgum) and many tropical species, annual growth rings are not easily recognized. (source: NALT)
- Gruiformes
- Gryllidae
- Guaiacol
- Guanidines
- guar (plant)
- Guar gum
- Guignardia
- Guinea pigs
- Guizotia
- Gums
-
A comprehensive term for nonvolatile viscous plant exudates, which either dissolve or swell up in contact with water. Many substances referred to as gums, such as pine and spruce gum, are actually oleoresins. (source: NALT)
- Gutierrezia
- Gymnocephalus cernuus
- Gynoecium
-
A collective term for the female reproductive structures of a flower. (source: NALT)
- Gypsophila
- habitats
-
The natural environment where an organism, population or community lives, including those biotic and abiotic factors affecting it. (source: NALT)
- Habronematidae
- HACCP
-
A systematic approach to be used in food processing as a means to assure food safety. (source: NALT)
- Haemaphysalis
- haematology
- Haematozoa
- Haemobartonella
- Haemodoraceae
- Haemoproteus
- Haemulidae
- Haliotis
- Halloysite
- Halogenated hydrocarbons
- Halogens
- Halothane
-
A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon and general inhalation anesthetic. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, halothane provides relatively rapid induction of anesthesia by depressing the central nervous system, thereby producing a reversible loss of consciousness and sensation. (NCI05) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Hamamelidaceae
- Hamsters
- Hantavirus
-
A genus of single-stranded, segmented, negative-sense RNA viruses in the family bunyaviridae. These viruses are transmitted by aerosolized rodent excreta or rodent bites. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Haplodiplosis
- Haploids
- Hard cheese
- Harmonia
- Harpalus
- Harvesting
- Hatching
- hawks
- Hazelnuts
- Head
-
The anterior and superior part of a human bearing the mouth, the brain and sensory organs. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Health hazards
-
Biological, chemical or physical agent or condition with the potential to cause an adverse health effect. (source: NALT)
- Hearing
-
The auditory faculty, the perception of sound by the ear. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Heart
-
Use for the heart as a whole; for the heart as tissue USE myocardium. (source: NALT)
A hollow organ located slightly to the left of the middle portion of the chest. It is composed of muscle and it is divided by a septum into two sides: the right side which receives de-oxygenated blood from the body and the left side which sends newly oxygenated blood to the body. Each side is composed of two chambers: the atrium (receiving blood) and ventricle (ejecting blood). Source: NCI thesaurus link
- heart diseases
- Heat stress
- Heat tolerance
- Heathland soils
- Heavy metals
- Hebeloma
- Hedera
- Heifers
-
Library of Congress sh85059942
Bovine females that have not given birth to calves. (source: NALT)
- Helianthemum
- Helianthus
- Helianthus annuus
- Helicobacter pylori
-
Bacteria that cause stomach inflammation (gastritis) and ulcers in the stomach. This bacteria is the most common cause of ulcers worldwide. It is often referred to as H. pylori. H. pylori infection is usually acquired from contaminated food and water and through person to person spread. The infection is common in crowded living conditions with poor sanitation. In countries with poor sanitation, 90% of the adult population can be infected. In the U.S., 30% of the adult population is infected. One out of six patients with H. pylori infection develops ulcers of the duodenum or the stomach. This bacteria is also believed to be associated with stomach cancer and a rare type of lymph gland tumor called gastric MALT lymphoma. Infected persons usually carry the infection indefinitely, unless treated with medications to eradicate the bacteria. (MedicineNet.com) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Helicobasidium
- Helicoverpa zea
- Heligmonellidae
- Heligmosomidae
- Heliothis
- Heliotropium
- Hellula
- Helminths
-
Wormlike parasites of animals, including parasitic stages of nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, acanthocephalans and nematomorphs, especially those parasitizing the intestines of vertebrates. (source: NALT)
- Helotiales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Hemerobiidae
- Hemicycliophora
- Hemiptera
-
The taxonomic status of the Hemiptera, Homoptera and Heteroptera remains controversial. Keeping ordinal rank of Hemiptera until new classification scheme is proposed. Families, genera, and species are listed under the orders Heteroptera and Homoptera. (source: NALT)
- Hemp
- Hendersonula
- Hens
-
Adult female chickens. Use for chicken hens; For female turkeys, USE turkey hens. (source: NALT)
- Heparin
-
A sulfur-rich glycosaminoglycan with anticoagulant property. Heparin binds to antithrombin III to form a heparin-antithrombin III complex. The complex binds to and irreversibly inactivates thrombin and other activated clotting factors, such as factors IX, X, XI, and XII, thereby preventing the polymerization of fibrinogen to fibrin and the subsequent formation of clots. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Hepatopancreas
- Hepatotoxins
- Hepatozoon
- Heptachlor
- Heracleum
- Herbaria
- Herbicides
-
Pesticides that kill weeds and other plants that grow where they are not wanted. (source: NALT)
- Herbivores
- Herds
-
Use for camels, cattle, deer, elephants, horses, oxen, and swine. (source: NALT)
- Hernia
-
Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the abdominal wall or the respiratory diaphragm. (source: NALT)
The protrusion of part of an organ or fibroadipose tissue through an abnormal opening. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Herpesviridae
- Herpetology
- Hesperidin
- Hesperiidae
- Heterobasidion
- Heterochromatin
-
Library of Congress sh85060524
The portion of chromosome material that remains condensed and is transcriptionally inactive during interphase. (source: NALT)
A tightly packed area of chromatin that may function to protect chromosome integrity and regulate gene expression. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- heterocyclic compounds
- Heteroderidae
- Heteropeza
- Heterophyidae
- Heteroptera
-
The taxonomic status of the Hemiptera, Homoptera and Heteroptera remains controversial. Keeping ordinal rank of Heteroptera until new classification scheme is proposed. (source: NALT)
- Hexaconazole
- Hexanoic acid
- Hexapoda
- Hexokinase
- hexosamines
- Hexoses
- Hibiscus cannabinus
- Hieroglyphus
- High fructose corn syrup
- High yielding varieties
- highlands
- Hilling
- Hinnies
-
The offspring of a stallion (male horse) and a jennet (female ass). (source: NALT)
- Hip dysplasia
- Hippelates
- Hippoboscidae
- Hippodamia
- Hippodamia convergens
- Hippoglossoides platessoides
- Hippoglossus hippoglossus
- Hirudinea
- Histamine
- Histeridae
- Histidine
-
A semi-essential amino acid (children should obtain it from food) needed in humans for growth and tissue repair, Histidine is important for maintenance of myelin sheaths that protect nerve cells and is metabolized to the neurotransmitter histamine. Histamines play many roles in immunity, gastric secretion, and sexual functions. Histidine is also required for blood cell manufacture and protects tissues against damage caused by radiation and heavy metals. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Histology
-
The study of the structure of the cells and their arrangement to constitute tissues and, finally, the association among these to form organs. In pathology, the microscopic process of identifying normal and abnormal morphologic characteristics in tissues, by employing various cytochemical and immunocytochemical stains. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Histopathology
-
The microscopic study of characteristic tissue abnormalities by employing various cytochemical and immunocytochemical stains. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- HIV infections
-
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, through AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (source: NALT)
- Hodotermitidae
- Holcus lanatus
- Homogenized milk
- Homoptera
-
The taxonomic status of the Hemiptera, Homoptera and Heteroptera remains controversial. Keeping ordinal rank of Homoptera until new classification scheme is proposed. (source: NALT)
- Hopea
- Hoplolaimidae
- Hops
- Hordeiviruses
- Hordeum bulbosum
- Hordeum vulgare
- Hormone agonists
-
Chemical substances that have an affinity for and stimulate physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring hormones, thus triggering a biochemical response. (source: NALT)
- Hormone antagonists
-
Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites. For external agents where hormone disruption is desirable (e.g., targeted insect control or suppression of reproduction cycles in domestic animals); For external agents (e.g., pollutants, pesticides, contaminants) that interfere with the role of natural hormones in nontarget organisms USE endocrine-disrupting chemicals. (source: NALT)
- Hormone receptors
- Hormones
-
Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term is applied to substances secreted by various endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs, and is also extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects. (source: NALT)
- Horns
- horseradish
- Horticultural soils
- horticulture
- hosts
- Howardula
- Human behaviour
-
Use for the observable patterns of human actions and reactions; For the influence of mankind’s activities on the environment and other species USE anthropogenic activities; For the physical activities of humans used to accomplish their routine tasks USE physical activity. (source: NALT)
- Human diseases
- human nutrition
- Humectants
- Humid zones
-
Regions where the average relative humidity is high, and the precipitation is sufficient to support forests. (source: NALT)
- Humoral immunity
-
Immune processes mediated by antibodies Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Humulus
- Hyadaphis
- Hyaenidae
- Hyalophora cecropia
- Hyalopterus
- Hybridization
- Hybridomas
- Hybrids
-
The viable cell resulting from the fusion of a cytoplast (cytoplasm remaining after the enculeation of a cell) with a whole cell. (source: NALT)
- Hydrangeaceae
- Hydraulic structures
-
A manmade structure that serves the purpose of diverting, restricting, stopping, or otherwise controlling the natural flow of water. (source: NALT)
- Hydrazides
- Hydrocarbons
- Hydrocephalus
-
A disorder characterized by an abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Hydrocharitaceae
- Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris
- Hydroelectric power
-
Use for the generation of electric power usually from water released in controlled amounts though a system of turbines; For the more general concept of electrical or mechanical energy harnessed from the action of falling or flowing water or due to water temperature differentials USE water power. (source: NALT)
- Hydrogen
- Hydrogen cyanamide
- Hydrogenation
- Hydrogeology
- Hydrolases
- Hydrology
- Hydrolysis
-
A chemical reaction in which a water molecule is added to a compound. This addition often involves the splitting or cleavage of the molecule. The hydroxyl group is incorporated into one fragment of the compound and the hydrogen atom in the other. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Hydroxamic acids
-
A group of weak acids with the general chemical formula RC(=O)N(R’)OH and antineoplastic and antimicrobial activities. Hydroxamic acids covalently bind to the zinc(II) ion in the active sites of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), thereby inhibiting the action of MMPs, inducing extracellular matrix degradation, and inhibiting angiogenesis, tumor growth and invasion, and metastasis. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Hydroxides
- Hydroxylation
- Hydroxyproline
- Hydrozoa
- Hylemya
- Hylobius
- Hylocereus
- Hylotrupes
- Hymenaea
- Hymenia
- Hymenogastrales
- Hymenolepididae
- Hymenoptera
- Hyoscyamus niger
- Hypera
- Hypera postica
- Hyperadrenocorticism
- Hyperaspis
- Hypericum
- Hyperomyzus
- Hyperoplus
- Hyperplasia
-
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. (source: NALT)
An abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or a tissue with consequent enlargement. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Hypersensitivity
-
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. Use for hypersensitivity in humans and animals; For hypersensitivity in plants USE hypersensitive response. (source: NALT)
An immune response that occurs following exposure to an innocuous antigen, but that does not require the presence of preformed antibodies to the antigen. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Hypertension
-
Hypertension is persistently high arterial blood pressure and may have no known cause or be associated with other diseases. Hypertension is considered a risk factor for the development of heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke and kidney disease. (source: NALT)
Blood pressure that is abnormally high. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Hypertrophy
-
General increase in bulk of a part or organ, due to cell enlargement and accumulation of fluids and secretions, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (hyperplasia). (source: NALT)
Abnormal enlargement of a body part or organ. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Hyphaene
- Hyphantria
- Hyphomycetes
- Hypochlorites
- Hypocreales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Hypoderma bovis
- Hypoderma lineatum
- Hypomyces
- Hypophthalmichthys
- Hypothalamus
-
Library of Congress sh85063824
An important supervisory center in the brain, rich in ganglia, nerve fibers, and synaptic connections. It is composed of several sections called nuclei, each of which controls a specific function. The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, blood pressure, heartbeat, metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, and sugar levels in the blood. Through direct attachment to the pituitary gland, the hypothalamus also meters secretions controlling water balance and milk production in the female. The role of the hypothalamus in awareness of pleasure and pain is well established in the laboratory. It is involved in the expression of emotions, such as fear and rage, and in sexual behaviors. Despite its numerous vital functions, the hypothalamus in humans accounts for only 1/300 of total brain weight, and is about the size of an almond. Structurally, it is joined to the thalamus; the two work together to monitor the sleep-wake cycle. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Hypothenemus hampei
- Hypothermia
-
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals. (source: NALT)
Abnormally low body temperature. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Hystrichopsyllidae
- Icacinaceae
- ice
-
Water frozen in the solid state. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Icerya
- Icerya purchasi
- Ichneumonidae
- Ichthyology
- Ichthyophthirius
- Ictalurus punctatus
- Idioscopus
- Iguanidae
- Ilarviruses
- Ileal symbiont intracellularis
- Ilex
- Illinoia
- Imazalil
- Imidazoles
- Immediate hypersensitivity
-
Immediate hypersensitivity reaction - type I reaction, involves immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated release of chemical mediators from mast cells and basophils. Th2 cells produce IL-4 and IL-13, which then act on B cells to promote the production of antigen-specific IgE. Reexposure to the antigen can then result in the antigen binding to and cross-linking the bound IgE antibodies on the mast cells and basophils. This causes the release of preformed mediators (histamine, tryptase, tryptase, chemotactic factors), newly synthesized mediators (leukotrienes, prostaglandin, thromboxane, platelet-activating factor, adenosine, bradykinin), and cytokines from these cells that results in structural and functional changes to the affected tissue. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Immune complex diseases
- Immune response
-
Any immune system response of an organisms to an internal or invasive threat. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- immune system
-
The complex group of organs like thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymphatic system, hematopoetic system and cells like lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages that defends the body against infection or disease. It consists of a complex interrelated cellular, molecular and genetic component. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- immunity
-
The protection against infectious disease conferred by the immune response. It encompasses the capacity to distinguish foreign material from self, and to neutralize, eliminate, or metabolize that which is foreign. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Immunization
-
Deliberate stimulation of the host’s immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). (source: NALT)
Inoculating an individual with either killed or live agents to prevent contraction of a disease. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Immunogenetics
-
A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic basis of the immune response (immunity). (source: NALT)
A sub-field of genetics that uses both genetic and immunological analyses to study the genetics behind antibody formation and the immune response. (Biotech Life Science Dictionary) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Immunology
-
The study of the immune system and its reaction to pathogens, as well as its malfunctions (autoimmune diseases, allergies, rejection of organ transplants). Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Immunopathology
-
The branch of pathology focusing on immune diseases. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Immunotherapy
-
Therapy designed to induce changes in a patient’s immune status in order to treat disease. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Imogolite
- Impatiens
- Imperata cylindrica
- In vitro digestibility
- In vitro fertilization
-
A laboratory method where ova are placed in a medium to which spermatozoa are added for fertilization. The zygote(s) produced are introduced into a uterus for development. (source: NALT)
Fertilization of an ovum outside of the body. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Inbreeding
-
The mating of plants or non-human animals which are closely related genetically. (source: NALT)
- indigestion
- Indigo
- Indigofera tinctoria
- Individual feeding
- Indoles
- Induced abortion
-
Use for the intentional termination of a pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is viable outside of the uterus; For the expulsion of the embryo or fetus before it is viable outside of the uterus without deliberate interference from humans USE abortion (animals). (source: NALT)
Abortion brought on intentionally. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Induced resistance
- Infant feeding
- Infant foods
- Infection
- Infectious bursal disease virus
-
A species of Avibirnavirus causing severe inflammation of the bursa of Fabricius in chickens and other fowl. Transmission is thought to be through contaminated feed or water. Vaccines have been used with varying degrees of success. (source: NALT)
- infectious diseases
-
Use for infectious diseases of animals and humans; For infectious diseases of plants USE plant diseases and disorders. (source: NALT)
- Inflammation
-
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. (source: NALT)
A localized protective response resulting from injury or destruction of tissues. Inflammation serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the injurious agent and the injured tissue. In the acute phase, inflammation is characterized by the signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Histologically, inflammation involves a complex series of events, including dilatation of arterioles, capillaries, and venules, with increased permeability and blood flow; exudation of fluids, including plasma proteins; and leukocyte migration into the site of inflammation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Inflorescences
- ingredients
- Inonotus
- Inorganic acids
- Inorganic compounds
- Insect diseases
- insect growth regulators
-
Use for synthetic chemical compounds, usually that mimic natural hormones, that are used to control the growth of insects; For naturally occurring hormones that regulate biological functions such as molting and growth in insects USE insect hormones. (source: NALT)
- Insect viruses
-
viruses that infect insect hosts. (source: NALT)
- Insecticides
-
Pesticides that kill insects. (source: NALT)
- Insectivora
- Instant coffee
- Instant foods
-
Foods in dried form that are ready to eat with the addition of water. (source: NALT)
- Instars
- Insulin
-
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis) and indirectly by suppressing glucagon secretion and lipolysis. (source: NALT)
Insulin (51 aa, ~6 kDa) is encoded by the human INS gene. This protein is involved in the direct regulation of glucose metabolism. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Integrated pest management
-
A pest management strategy using a systematic approach in which pest populations are monitored to determine if and when control methods are required. Integrated pest management (IPM) uses biological, chemical, physical, cultural and/or genetic control methods in order to minimize pesticide use, reduce production costs, and protect the environment. (source: NALT)
- Integument
- Intercropping
-
The growing of two or more different species of crops simultaneously, as in alternate rows in the same field or single tract of land. (source: NALT)
- Interface phenomena
- Interspecific competition
- Intervertebral disks
- Intestinal obstruction
- Intraspecific competition
- Inula
- Invasive species
-
Invasive species are those plants, animals, and microbes not native to a region which, when introduced either accidentally or intentionally, cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. See Executive Order 13112 (February 1999). (source: NALT)
- Invertebrate viruses
-
viruses that infect invertebrate hosts. (source: NALT)
- Invertebrates
- Ionization
-
Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ionophores
-
Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. (source: NALT)
- Ions
-
An atom or molecule having a positive or negative charge owing to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ipil (intsia)
- Ipomoea
- Iprodione
- Ips grandicollis
- Ips paraconfusus
- Iridaceae
- Iridoviridae
- Iron
-
An element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Irrigated soils
- Irrigation
-
Application of water to soil for the purpose of plant production. (source: NALT)
- Irrigation canals
- irrigation systems
- Isatis
- Isoamylase
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- Isocitrate lyase
- Isoflavones
- Isoleucine
-
One of nine essential amino acids in humans (present in dietary proteins), Isoleucine has diverse physiological functions, such as assisting wound healing, detoxification of nitrogenous wastes, stimulating immune function, and promoting secretion of several hormones. Necessary for hemoglobin formation and regulating blood sugar and energy levels, isoleucine is concentrated in muscle tissues in humans. Isoleucine is found especially in meats, fish, cheese, eggs, and most seeds and nuts. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- isomaltose
- Isomerases
- Isomerization
- Isoniazid
-
A synthetic derivative of nicotinic acid with anti-mycobacterial properties. Although its mechanism of action is still unclear, isoniazid appears to block the synthesis of mycolic acids, major components of the mycobacterial cell wall. This agent is only active against actively growing mycobacteria because, as a pro-drug, it requires activation in susceptible mycobacterial species. Isoniazid also interferes with mycobacterial metabolism of vitamin B6. Resistance occurs due to decreased bacterial wall penetration. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Isopoda
- Isospora
- Isotopes
- Isotricha
- Isoxaben
- Ivermectin
-
A macrocyclic lactone derived from Streptomyces avermitilis with antiparasitic activity. Ivermectin exerts its anthelmintic effect via activating glutamate-gated chloride channels expressed on nematode neurons and pharyngeal muscle cells. Distinct from the channel opening induced by endogenous glutamate transmitter, ivermectin-activated channels open very slowly but essentially irreversibly. As a result, neurons or muscle cells remain at either hyperpolarisation or depolarization state, thereby resulting in paralysis and death of the parasites. Ivermectin does not readily pass the mammal blood-brain barrier to the central nervous system where glutamate-gated chloride channels locate, hence the hosts are relatively resistant to the effects of this agent. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Ixodes
- Ixodes scapularis
- Ixodidae
-
Includes taxonomic classification of Ixodida; For common types SEE ticks. (source: NALT)
- Jacaranda
- Jackals
- Japanese bunching onions
- Jasminum sambac
- Jatropha curcas
- Jaundice
-
A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, characterized by yellowish staining of the skin; mucous membrane; and sclera. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of liver dysfunction. (source: NALT)
Yellow pigmentation of the skin, mucous membranes, and the eyes due to hyperbilirubinemia. Causes include liver disease, biliary tract obstruction, and hemolysis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Jerusalem artichokes
- Joint diseases
- Juglandaceae
- Juglans cinerea
- Juglans nigra
- Juniperus
- Juniperus communis
- Justicia
- Jute
- Juveniles
- Kabatina
- Kalanchoe
- Kallymeniaceae
- Kalotermitidae
- Kanamycin
-
Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. (source: NALT)
An aminoglycoside antibiotic with antimicrobial property. Amikacin irreversibly binds to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, specifically in contact with 16S rRNA and S12 protein within the 30S subunit. This leads to interference with translational initiation complex and, misreading of mRNA, thereby hampering protein synthesis and resulting in bactericidal effect. This agent is usually used for treatment of E. coli, Proteus species (both indole-positive and indole-negative), E. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, and Acinetobacter species. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Kaolinite
- Kapok
- Keissleriella
- Keratin
- Keratitis
-
Library of Congress sh85072035
Inflammation of the cornea. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Keratoconjunctivitis
-
Library of Congress sh85072037
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. (source: NALT)
- Kermesidae
- Kerriidae
- Ketamine
-
A cyclohexanone derivative with analgesic and anesthetic properties. Although its mechanism of action is not well understood, ketamine appears exerts complex pharmacological actions including inhibition of biogenic amine uptake, binding to opioid receptors, and inhibition of N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Because of the involvement of spinal NMDA receptors in the process of central sensitization, this agent may reduce pain perception and induce sedation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Keto acids
- Ketones
- Ketoses
-
Use for the monosaccharides; For the metabolic disease USE ketosis. (source: NALT)
- Kidney beans
- Kidney diseases
- Kidneys
- kinases
- Kinetin
- Kinetoplastida
- Kinins
- kitchens
- Kittens
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is nonmotile, oxidase negative, and produces acid from glucose, mannitol, rhamnose, arabinose and amygdalin. K. ozaenae is pathogenic and a causative agent of ozena/atrophic rhinitis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Klossiella
- Kohlrabi
- Kojic acid
- Kola nuts
- Labeo
- Labiatae
- Labiduridae
- Laboratory animals
-
Experimental animals used either as the subject of research or as an experimental tool; For animal models of human diseases USE animal models; For mathematical models, e.g. animal genetics, USE mathematical models. (source: NALT)
- Lac
- Lacanobia
- Lacanobia oleracea
- Laccaria
- Laccase
- Lachnidae
- Lactarius
- Lactate dehydrogenase
-
A family of homotetrameric cytoplasmic enzymes involved in the conversion of L-lactate and NAD to pyruvate and NADH in the final step of anaerobic glycolysis. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lactates
- Lactation
-
The processes of milk secretion by the maternal mammary glands after parturition. The proliferation of the mammary glandular tissue, milk synthesis, and milk expulsion or let down are regulated by the interactions of several hormones including estradiol; progesterone; prolactin; and oxytocin. (source: NALT)
- lactation stage
- lactic acid bacteria
- Lactitol
- Lactobacillus brevis
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic/microaerophilic, Gram positive, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is nonmotile, ferments D ribose, galactose, arabinose and maltose, catalase positive, does not ferment mannose and hydrolyzes hippurate. L. brevis is non pathogenic but may be a concern for brewers due to its beer and wine spoilage ability. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lactobacillus buchneri
- Lactobacillus casei
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is nonmotile, heterofermentative, amylase positive and ferments mannitol. L. casei is non pathogenic and a commensal organism of the mouth and digestive tract. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lactobacillus delbrueckii
- Lactococcus lactis
-
A species of Gram positive, cocci shaped, lactic acid bacteria assigned to the phylum Firmicutes. This species is nonmotile, catalase negative, nonsporulating and produces lactic acid from lactose fermentation. L lactis may be an opportunistic pathogen in humans and animals. Most significantly this microorganism is used commercially in the production of buttermilk and cheese. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Lactones
- Lactose
-
A disaccharide of glucose and galactose unique to milk. (source: NALT)
- Lactuca
- Lactuca virosa
- Lactulose
-
A disaccharide (sugar) synthesized from fructose and galactose, Lactulose is used to treat constipation and some liver diseases. Nondigestible in mammals, lactulose passes unabsorbed down to the large intestine where resident bacteria consume it and produce lactic, acetic, and formic acids, which draw fluid into the bowel to soften the stool (laxative effect). Acidification of the colon contents attracts ammonia from the bloodstream, assisting stool excretion; helpful in liver failure when ammonia cannot be detoxified. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Laelapidae
- Laetiporus
- Lagenaria
- Lagenaria siceraria
- Lagenorhynchus
- Lagomorpha
-
The taxonomic order of mammals which include hares, rabbits and pikas. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lagos silk rubber (tree)
- Lameness
- Lamiales
- Laminated wood
- Lamnidae
- Lamniformes
- Land
- Land resources
- land use
- Landolphia
- Landscaping
-
The design and installation of plant materials (including turf) and architectural elements. (source: NALT)
- Lankesterella
- Laodelphax
- Lardizabalaceae
- large intestine
-
A muscular tube that extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Laridae
- Larix gmelinii
- Larvae
-
Library of Congress sh85074735
The immature stage of the life cycle following hatching from the egg, especially seen in insects and other arthropods. (source: NALT)
- Larvicides
-
Chemical agents that kill the larval stage of a pest or parasite. (source: NALT)
- Lasiocampidae
- Lasioderma
- Lasioderma serricorne
- Lasioglossum
- Lasioptera
- Lates
- Latex
- Latex agglutination test
-
Agglutination tests in which the antigen is adsorbed onto latex particles before mixing with the antibody specific for the adsorbed antigen. (source: NALT)
- Latitude
-
The angular distance north or south between an imaginary line around a heavenly body parallel to its equator and the equator itself. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Latrodectus mactans
- Lauraceae
- Laurales
- Laurus nobilis
- Lawsonia (bacteria)
- Laying performance
- leachates
- leaf area
- lean body mass
-
The mass of the body minus the fat. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Learning
-
The act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or skill. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Leather
- Leavening agents
- leaves
- Lecanorales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Leccinum
- lectins
- Lecythidaceae
- Leeks
- Leg weakness
- Leishmania braziliensis
- Leishmania mexicana
- Leishmania tropica
- Leishmaniasis
-
A parasitic infection caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. It is transmitted to humans via the bite of sandflies. There are three main forms of the disease: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin ulcers; mucocutaneous leishmaniasis causes destructive lesions of the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat; visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form of the disease and is manifested with anemia, weight loss, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lema
- Lemons
- Lentinula
- Lentinus
- Lentivirus
-
A genus of the family Retroviridae consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3’ env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lenzites
- Leontodon
- Leontopodium
- Lepeophtheirus
- Lepidium
- Lepidoptera
- Lepidosaphes
- Lepiota
- Lepomis
- Lepomis macrochirus
- Leptinotarsa
- Leptinotarsa decemlineata
- Leptochloa
- Leptoconops
- Leptocorisa
- Leptocottus
- Leptoglossus
- Leptopsyllidae
- Leptosphaeria
- Leptosphaerulina
-
Rank of Genus, Dothideomycetes incertae sedis. (source: NALT)
- Leptospirosis
-
Infections with bacteria of the genus Leptospira. (source: NALT)
A contagious bacterial infection caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Humans are infected by contact with water and soil which have been contaminated with animal waste products. The signs and symptoms include an initial flu-like phase, followed by a second phase in which patients may develop meningitis, liver failure and renal failure. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lethal dose
- Leucine
-
One of nine essential amino acids in humans (provided by food), Leucine is important for protein synthesis and many metabolic functions. Leucine contributes to regulation of blood-sugar levels; growth and repair of muscle and bone tissue; growth hormone production; and wound healing. Leucine also prevents breakdown of muscle proteins after trauma or severe stress and may be beneficial for individuals with phenylketonuria. Leucine is available in many foods and deficiency is rare. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Leucinodes
- Leuciscus
- Leucocytozoon
- Leucoptera
- Leucostoma
- Leucostoma cinctum
- Leucostoma persoonii
- leukocytes
- Leuresthes
- Levamisole
-
The hydrochloride salt of the synthetic imidazothiazole derivative levamisole with anthelminthic and immunomodulating activities. In immunosuppressed states, levamisole may restore immune function by: 1) stimulating antibody formation, 2) stimulating T-cell activation and proliferation, 3) potentiating monocyte and macrophage phagocytosis and chemotaxis and 4) increasing neutrophil mobility, adherence, and chemotaxis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Liatris
- Libocedrus
- Libocedrus decurrens
- lidocaine
-
A synthetic aminoethylamide with local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic properties. Lidocaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by binding to and inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses and effecting local anesthesia. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Ligaments
- Ligases
- Light
-
Electromagnetic radiation that produces a visual sensation. (source: NALT)
Of comparatively little physical weight or density. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lightning
- Lignite
- Lignocellulose
- Liliaceae
- Liliales
- Liliopsida
- Lilium longiflorum
- Lima beans
- Limb bones
- Limes
- Limestone
- liming materials
-
Agrochemicals containing calcium and/or magnesium compounds capable of neutralizing soil acidity. (source: NALT)
- Limnology
-
The study of the physical, chemical, hydrological, and biological aspects of fresh water bodies. (source: NALT)
- Limulus polyphemus
- Linalool
- Lincomycin
-
An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. (source: NALT)
A lincosamide antibiotic derived from bacteria Streptomyces lincolnensis with activity against gram positive and anaerobic bacteria. Lincomycin binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and thereby produces bactericidal effects in susceptible organisms. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Lindane
-
Library of Congress sh94007703
The gamma-isomer of benzene hexachloride, a colorless to white colored, synthetic, crystalline solid with a slight musty odor that emits toxic fumes of hydrochloric acid and other chlorinated compounds when heated to decomposition. Lindane is used as an insecticide for hardwood logs, lumber, and crops. Lindane also has topical pediculicide and scabicide activities probably due to its neurotoxic effects. Inhalation exposure to this substance causes severe irritation of the nose and throat, causes anemia, and affects the liver, nervous, cardiovascular, and immune system. Lindane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Linepithema humile
- Linoleic acid
-
A polyunsaturated essential fatty acid found mostly in plant oils. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- linseed oil
-
Library of Congress sh85077257
The oil extracted from the seeds of Linum usitatissimum. Linseed oil is used as a nutritional supplement and as a polymerizing resin. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
Reference USDA PLANTS link
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- Linyphiidae
- Lipaphis
- Lipid metabolism
-
Lipid Metabolism involves anabolic and catabolic biochemical changes to the hydrophobic class of biochemicals within a cell as materials needed for important life processes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lipid peroxidation
-
Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. (source: NALT)
The degradation of lipids caused by an oxidative attack from free radicals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lipids
- Lipogenesis
- Lipoic acid
- Lipoma
-
A benign, usually painless, well-circumscribed lipomatous tumor composed of adipose tissue. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lipoprotein lipase
-
Lipoprotein lipase (475 aa, ~53 kDa) is encoded by the human LPL gene. This protein is involved in the metabolism of triglycerides. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- lipoproteins
- Lipoxygenase
- Liqueurs
- Liquid manures
- Liquid smoke
- Liquids
- Liriomyza
- Lissorhoptrus
- Listeria
-
A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Listeria monocytogenes
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is motile by up to four peritrichous flagella, catalase positive, hemolytic, produces acid from glucose, trehalose, levulose and salacin, indole negative and does not reduce nitrate. L. monocytogenes is a food borne pathogen, being the causative agent of listeriosis in humans and animals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Listeriosis
-
An infection with bacteria of the genus Listeria, especially L. monocytogenes. (source: NALT)
A bacterial infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes. It occurs in newborns, elderly, and immunocompromised patients. The bacteria are transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food. Clinical manifestations include fever, muscle pain, respiratory distress, nausea, diarrhea, neck stiffness, irritability, seizures, and lethargy. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Listronotus
- Lithium
-
An element with atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.941. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Lithodidae
- Lithological soil types
- Lithospermum
- litter size
- Litter weight
- Live mulches
-
Typically, plants that grow close to the ground and are sown or planted as an understory to the main crop. Live mulches protect the soil from erosion and minimally compete with the growth of the main crop. (source: NALT)
- Live vaccines
-
Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity. (source: NALT)
- Liver
-
Use for the organ of animals; For food from the livers of animals USE livers as food. (source: NALT)
A triangular-shaped organ located under the diaphragm in the right hypochondrium. It is the largest internal organ of the body, weighting up to 2 kg. Metabolism and bile secretion are its main functions. It is composed of cells which have the ability to regenerate. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Liver cirrhosis
-
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. (source: NALT)
- Liver diseases
- Livestock
-
Includes poultry. (source: NALT)
- livestock production
- Lixus
- Llamas
- Lobelia
- Lobsters
- Locust bean gum
- Locusta
- Locustana
- Locusts
-
Pest insects highly destructive to plants, typically belonging to the family Acrididae. Species migrate in dense plagues. (source: NALT)
- Lodging resistance
- Loganiaceae
- Loins
- Loliginidae
- Lolium multiflorum
- Lolium temulentum
- Lonchaeidae
- longans
- Longevity
- Longitarsus
- Lonicera
- Loose housing
- Loranthaceae
- Lota lota
- Lotus corniculatus
- Lotus uliginosus
- Low fat foods
- Loxosceles reclusa
- Loxostege
- Loxostege sticticalis
- Lubricants
- Lucilia
- Luffa
- Luffa aegyptica
- Lumbricidae
- Lumbricus terrestris
- Luminescence
-
The emission of light that does not involve the release of heat. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lumpy skin disease
- Lungs
- Lupus erythematosus
-
An autoimmune, connective tissue chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, heart, and the peripheral blood cells. It is more commonly seen in women than men. Variants include discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Luteolysis
-
Degradation of corpus luteum. In the absence of pregnancy and diminishing trophic hormones, the corpus luteum undergoes luteolysis which is characterized by the involution and cessation of its endocrine function. (source: NALT)
- Lyases
- Lycopene
-
A linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard aging and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Lycopodiopsida
- Lycosidae
- Lyctidae
- Lygaeidae
- Lymantriidae
- Lymexylidae
- Lymph
-
A clear, transparent, sometimes faintly yellow and slightly opalescent fluid that is collected from the tissues throughout the body, flows in the lymphatic vessels (through the lymph nodes), and is eventually added to the venous blood circulation. Lymph consists of a clear liquid portion, varying numbers of white blood cells (chiefly lymphocytes), and a few red blood cells. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lymph flow
- Lymphadenitis
-
inflammation of the lymph nodes. (source: NALT)
Inflammation of one or more lymph nodes. This may be secondary to an infectious process, but can be caused by malignant processes as well. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lymphatic diseases
-
Diseases of lymph; lymph nodes; or lymphatic vessels. (source: NALT)
- Lymphatic system
-
The anatomic system that includes the lymph nodes, lymphoid tissues in various organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils, gastrointestinal tract), and lymphatic vessels. It is part of the immune system that offers protection against infections. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- lymphocyte proliferation
-
Morphologic alteration of small B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by interleukins, mitogens such as phytohemagglutinins, and by specific antigens. It may also occur in vivo, as in graft rejection. (source: NALT)
- lymphocytes
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
-
A species of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses in the genus arenavirus and family arenaviridae. It is spread by rodents and causes meningitis and encephalitis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- lymphokines
-
Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity. (source: NALT)
- Lymphoma
-
A malignant (clonal) proliferation of B- lymphocytes or T- lymphocytes which involves the lymph nodes, bone marrow and/or extranodal sites. This category includes Non-Hodgkin lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphomas. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lyonetiidae
- Lyophyllum
- Lysine
-
One of nine essential amino acids in humans required for growth and tissue repair, Lysine is supplied by many foods, especially red meats, fish, and dairy products. Lysine seems to be active against herpes simplex viruses and present in many forms of diet supplements. The mechanism underlying this effect is based on the viral need for amino acid arginine; lysine competes with arginine for absorption and entry into cells. Lysine inhibits HSV growth by knocking out arginine. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Lysiphlebus
- Lysiphlebus testaceipes
- Lysophospholipases
- Lysozyme
- Lyssavirus
-
A genus of enveloped, bullet or cylindrical shaped viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae. The genome is composed of a linear single-strand of negative sense RNA. Lyssavirus species 1 can be carried by any warm-blooded mammal while species 2-7 have specific hosts. Species in the genus Lyssavirus cause Rabies in humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lythraceae
- Macaca
- Macrocentrus
- Macrolepiota
- Macrophomina
- Macropodidae
- Macroposthonia
- Macrosiphum
- Macrosteles
- Macrosteles quadrilineatus
- Macrotyloma uniflorum
- Mactridae
- Madhuca longifolia
- Madia
- Madurella
- Magicicada
- Magnaporthe grisea
- Magnesium
-
An alkaline earth metal, Magnesium is important for many biochemical functions and reactions; for bone and muscle function, protein and fatty acid formation, activation of B vitamins, blood clotting, insulin secretion, and ATP formation. More than 300 enzymes require magnesium for catalytic action. The adult daily requirement is about 300 mg/day. Magnesium is found in many green plants, vegetables, and seeds; chlorophyll is a magnesium-centered porphyrin compound. Magnesium salts are used for magnesium deficiency supplementation. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Magnesium chloride
-
Magnesium Chloride was used as a laxative. An alkaline earth metal, magnesium is important for many biochemical functions and reactions; for bone and muscle function, protein and fatty acid formation, activation of B vitamins, blood clotting, insulin secretion, and ATP formation. More than 300 enzymes require magnesium for catalytic action. The adult daily requirement is about 300 mg/day. Magnesium is found in many green plants, vegetables, and seeds; chlorophyll is a magnesium-centered porphyrin compound. Magnesium salts are used for magnesium deficiency supplementation. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Magnesium fertilizers
- Magnolia
- Magnoliales
- Magnoliopsida
- Mahonia
- Maillard reaction
-
Library of Congress sh85079891
One of a group of non-enzymatic reactions in which aldehydes, ketones, or reducing sugars react with amino acids, peptides, or proteins. (source: NALT)
- Majidae
- Malabsorption
-
Inadequate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Malacology
- Malacosoma americanum
- Malacostraca
- Malaria
-
A protozoan infection caused by the genus Plasmodium. There are four species of Plasmodium that can infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, and malariae. It is transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes. Signs and symptoms include paroxysmal high fever, sweating, chills, and anemia. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Malate dehydrogenase
- male genital diseases
- males
- Malic acid
- Malic enzyme
- Mallada
- Mallophaga
- Mallotus villosus
- Malnutrition
-
A condition caused by inadequate intake or inadequate digestion of nutrients. It may result from eating an inadequate or unbalanced diet, digestive problems, absorption problems, or other medical conditions. (source: NALT)
Inadequate nutrition resulting from poor diet, malabsorption, or abnormal nutrient distribution. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- malondialdehyde
-
An organic compound with the formula CH2(CHO)2, and a byproduct of lipid metabolism in the body. Malondialdehyde, a highly reactive compound, is one of the many reactive electrophile species that cause toxic stress in cells and form covalent protein adducts, called advanced lipoxidation end products (ALE). This compound also forms mutagenic DNA adducts when it reacts with deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine in DNA. Malondialdehyde is also found in many foods and is present in high levels in rancid foods. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Malpighiaceae
- Malting
- Malting barley
-
Use for barley used for malting; for barley as an animal feed USE feed barley; for barley in general USE barley. (source: NALT)
- Maltitol
- Maltodextrins
- Maltose
- Malva neglecta
- Malvaceae
- Malvales
- Mamestra
- Mamestra brassicae
- Mamestra configurata
- Mammalia
-
Includes taxonomic classification of Mammalia; For common types SEE mammals. (source: NALT)
- Mammalogy
- mammals
-
Includes common types of mammals; For taxonomic classification SEE Mammalia. (source: NALT)
- Mammary gland diseases
- Mammary glands
- Mammea
- Mancozeb
- Mandarins
- Maneb
- Manganese
-
An element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mangifera
- Mangrove swamps
- Manihot esculenta
- Manihot glaziovii
- Manilkara zapota
- Manioc
- Mannose
- Mansonia (diptera)
- Mantodea
- Maple syrup
- Maranta arundinacea
- Marantaceae
- Marasmia
- Marasmiellus
- Margarine
- Margarodidae
- Marssonina
- marsupials
- Maruca
- Mast cells
- Mastadenovirus
- Mastication
-
Library of Congress sh85081999
The process by which food is torn or crushed by the teeth. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mastigomycotina
-
The sudivision Mastigomycotina is not accepted in the 2007 classification by Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. The term is retained for the purposes of retrieval of historical records on this subdivision. (source: NALT)
- Maternal behaviour
- Maternal immunity
-
Resistance to a disease-causing agent induced by the introduction of maternal immunity into the fetus by transplacental transfer or into the neonate through colostrum and milk. (source: NALT)
- Mating
-
The act of pairing individuals for sexual reproduction. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mating disruption
- mating systems
-
Modes of gene transmission from one generation to the next by sexual reproduction. (source: NALT)
- Matricaria
- Matthiola
- Mauritia
- Mayetiola
- Meat
- Meat byproducts
- Meat cuts
- meat inspection
- Meat production
- Meat products
- Meat quality
- Meat substitutes
-
Foods used in place of meats as the major protein source in a meal; for plant protein made to resemble meat products in texture, flavor, color and form USE meat analogs. (source: NALT)
- Mebendazole
-
A synthetic benzimidazole derivate and anthelmintic agent. Mebendazole interferes with the reproduction and survival of helminths by inhibiting the formation of their cytoplasmic microtubules, thereby selectively and irreversibly blocking glucose uptake. This results in a depletion of glycogen stores and leads to reduced formation of ATP required for survival and reproduction of the helminth. This eventually causes the helminths death. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Mechanical damage
- Mechanics
-
A branch of physics that focuses on motion and on the reaction of physical systems to internal and external forces. (source: NALT)
- Medetomidine
- Medicago lupulina
- Medicago orbicularis
- Medicago sativa
- Medicago truncatula
- medicinal properties
- Mediterranean climate
-
Climate typical of, but not exclusive to, the Mediterranean region with cool, moist winters and warm, dry summers. (source: NALT)
- Medulla oblongata
-
The lower portion of the brainstem located between the pons and brainstem. This structure contains several descending and ascending tracts, lower cranial nerve nuclei, a significant proportion of the reticular system of the brainstem and other structures. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Megachile
- Megachile rotundata
- Megaloptera
- Megaptera
- Megaspilidae
- Megoura
- Meiosis
-
A type of cell nucleus division, occurring during maturation of the germ cells. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S phase) result in daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells. (source: NALT)
A special form of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the amount of DNA as the parent cell. Meiosis occurs during formation of egg and sperm cells in mammals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Melanagromyza
- Melanaphis
- Melanoma
-
A malignant, usually aggressive tumor composed of atypical, neoplastic melanocytes. Most often, melanomas arise in the skin (cutaneous melanomas) and include the following histologic subtypes: superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma. Cutaneous melanomas may arise from acquired or congenital melanocytic or dysplastic nevi. Melanomas may also arise in other anatomic sites including the gastrointestinal system, eye, urinary tract, and reproductive system. Melanomas frequently metastasize to lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Melanoplus
- Melastomataceae
- Meliaceae
- Melianthaceae
- Melibiose
-
A disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. (source: NALT)
- Melipona
- Melissa officinalis
- Meloidae
- Melons
- Menidia
- Meninges
-
Any one of three membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Meningitis
-
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (source: NALT)
A disorder characterized by acute inflammation of the meninges of the brain and/or spinal cord. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Menispermaceae
- Mental health
-
The overall state of an individual’s psychologic constitution. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mepiquat
- Mercuric chloride
- Meristems
- Mermithidae
- Merostomata
- Mesembryanthemum
- Mesocricetus
- Mesostigmata
- Metabolic detoxification
- Metabolism
- Metabolites
- Metallic elements
- Metalloproteins
- Metals
-
Electropositive chemical elements characterised by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Metamasius
- Metaplasia
-
Library of Congress sh85084287
Transformation of a mature, normal cell or groups of mature cells to other forms of mature cells. The capacity for malignant transformation of metaplastic cells is a subject of controversy. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Metasequoia glyptostroboides
- Metastrongylidae
- Metazachlor
- Meteorus
- Methane
- Methanol
-
Used as a solvent and as an intermediate in chemical synthesis. Component of deicing mixtures and preservatives. Toxic. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Methionine
-
One of nine essential amino acids in humans (provided by food), Methionine is required for growth and tissue repair. A sulphur-containing amino acid, methionine improves the tone and pliability of skin, hair, and strengthens nails. Involved in many detoxifying processes, sulphur provided by methionine protects cells from pollutants, slows cell aging, and is essential for absorption and bio-availability of selenium and zinc. Methionine chelates heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, aiding their excretion. It also acts as a lipotropic agent and prevents excess fat buildup in the liver. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Methomyl
- Methotrexate
-
An antimetabolite and antifolate agent with antineoplastic and immunosuppressant activities. Methotrexate binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in inhibition of purine nucleotide and thymidylate synthesis and, subsequently, inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses. Methotrexate also exhibits potent immunosuppressant activity although the mechanism(s) of actions is unclear. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Methylation
-
The covalent chemical or biochemical addition of a methyl group(s) to a compound. (NCI) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Metolachlor
- Metopolophium
- Metopolophium dirhodum
- Metronidazole
-
A synthetic nitroimidazole derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activities. Although its mechanism of action is not fully elucidated, un-ionized metronidazole is readily taken up by obligate anaerobic organisms and is subsequently reduced by low-redox potential electron-transport proteins to an active, intermediate product. Reduced metronidazole causes DNA strand breaks, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis and bacterial cell growth. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Metroxylon
- Mexacarbate
- Microascales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- microbial ecology
- Microbial insecticides
- Microbial pesticides
-
Microbial pesticides consist of a microorganism (e.g., a bacterium, fungus, virus or protozoan) as the active ingredient. Microbial pesticides can control many different kinds of pests, although each separate active ingredient is relatively specific for its target pest(s). (source: NALT)
- Microbial proteins
- Microbiology
-
The science that deals with the study of microorganisms, including algae, archaea, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Micrococcaceae
-
A taxonomic family of Gram positive, cocci shaped bacterium, which are found in the air and on the skin, in the phylum Actinobacteria that includes the genera Arthrobacter, Kocuria, and Micrococcus, among others. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Microctonus
- Microcyclus
- Microcystis
- Microgaster
- microorganisms
- Microplitis
- Micropropagation
- Micropterus
- microtubules
-
Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. (source: NALT)
- Microtus
- Microwave cooking
- Mikania
- Milbemycins
-
Family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal and acaricidal activity. milbemectin is a mixture of milbemycins A3 and A4; structure in first source; moxidectin (CL 301,423) is milbemycin B. (source: NALT)
- Mildews
-
A common name for a fungus that leaves a thin white coating on the surface of plants and other materials where it grows. (source: NALT)
- milk
-
A body substance containing proteins, fats, lactose, and various vitamins and minerals produced by the mammary glands of mature female bovines. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
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- Milk fat
-
Lipid component of animal milks. (source: NALT)
- Milk production
- Milk protein
- Milk substitutes
-
Foods that are used to replace cow’s milk in the human diet, made with nondairy ingredients. Use for products for human consumption; for feeding of young animals USE milk replacer. (source: NALT)
- Milk yield
- milking
- Milking machines
- Millets
- Mimosa pigra
- Mimosoideae
-
Mimosoideae holds the rank of subfamily under the family Fabaceae. (source: NALT)
- Mindaridae
- Mine spoil
- Mineral content
- Mineral soils
- Mineral waters
-
Use for natural water supplies containing dissolved mineral salts; For water beverages, including beverages infused with mineral salts USE bottled water. (source: NALT)
- Mineralization
- Mineralocorticoids
- Mineralogical soil types
- Mineralogy
- minerals
- Miridae
- Miscanthus sinensis
- Mitomycin
- mitosis
-
A type of cell nucleus division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. (source: NALT)
The usual process of somatic reproduction of cells consisting of a sequence of modifications of the nucleus that result in the formation of two daughter cells with exactly the same chromosome and DNA content as that of the original cell. It is the process by which the body grows and replaces cells and is divided into four phases. In Prophase, paired chromosomes form, nuclear membrane disappears, the achromatic spindle appears, and polar bodies form. In Metaphase, chromosomes are arranged in the equatorial plane of the central spindle to form the monaster and chromosomes separate into exactly similar halves. In Anaphase, the two groups of daughter chromosomes separate and move along the fibers of the central spindle, each toward one of the asters, forming the diaster. In Telophase, the daughter chromosomes resolve themselves into a reticulum, the daughter nuclei are formed, and the cytoplasm divides forming two complete daughter cells. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mixed cropping
-
The growing of several crops simultaneously in the same field but not in rows. (source: NALT)
- Mohair
- Moinidae
- Molasses
- Mole drainage
- Molecular biology
-
Library of Congress sh94000200
The study of biology at a molecular level. It chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interrelationship of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis and learning how these interactions are regulated. The field overlaps with other areas of biology, particularly genetics and biochemistry. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- molecular cloning
-
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells. (source: NALT)
- Molecular genetics
-
Library of Congress sh85086586
The study of the flow and regulation of genetic information between DNA, RNA, and protein molecules. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Molinate
- Mollusca
-
Includes taxonomic classification of Mollusca; For common types SEE molluscs. (source: NALT)
- Molluscicides
-
Pesticides that kill snails and slugs. (source: NALT)
- Momordica
- Momordica charantia
- Monellia
- Monellia caryella
- Monelliopsis
- Monensin
- Moniezia
- Moniliophthora
- Monimiaceae
- monkeys
- monoamines
- Monocalcium phosphate
- Monochamus
- monoclonal antibodies
- Monodontidae
- Monodora
- Monogenea
- Monographella nivalis
- monophenol monooxygenase
- Monopterus albus
- Monosaccharides
- Monosodium glutamate
- Monoterpenoids
-
Terpenoids having a C10 skeleton. (source: NALT)
- Montmorillonites
- Moraceae
- Morantel
- Moraxella
-
A genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the Moraxellaceae family ocurring as short rods, coccobacilli or diplococci. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Morbidity
-
Morbidity; the relative incidence of a particular disease in a population. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Morbillivirus
-
A genus of Paramyxovirinae which includes Measles Virus Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Moringaceae
- Morone chrysops
- Moronidae
- Morphine
-
The sulfate salt of morphine, an opiate alkaloid isolated from the plant Papaver somniferum and produced synthetically. Morphine binds to and activates specific opiate receptors (delta, mu and kappa), each of which are involved in controlling different brain functions. In the central nervous and gastrointestinal systems, this agent has widespread effects including analgesia, anxiolysis, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, and gastrointestinal system smooth muscle contraction. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Morphogenesis
-
The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism. (source: NALT)
The process of shape formation: the processes that are responsible for producing the complex shapes of adults from the simple ball of cells that derives from division of the fertilized egg. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mortality
-
All deaths reported in a given population. (source: NALT)
The ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area, expressed as deaths per 1000 per year. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Motivation
-
The psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- mountains
- Mouth
- Movement disorders
- Mucorales
-
Library of Congress sh85088234
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Mucuna
- Mucus
-
The thick fluid secreted by the mucus glands in the aerodigestive tract and the vagina. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mulches
- Mules
-
Library of Congress sh85088316
The hybrid offspring of a jackass and a mare. (source: NALT)
- Multiple cropping
-
Library of Congress sh85088364
The growing of more than one crop consecutively in the same field in a single year. (source: NALT)
- Mung beans
- Muraenidae
- Muridae
-
Taxonomic family which includes mice, rats, and gerbils. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Murraya koenigii
- Musa
- Musa acuminata
- Musa textilis
- Muscidae
- Muscle relaxants
- Muscles
- Muscular diseases
- Muscular dystrophy
-
A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles without the involvement of the nervous system. (source: NALT)
A group of inherited progressive muscle disorders characterized by muscle weakness and eventual death of the muscle tissues. Examples include Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker’s muscular dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Musculoskeletal diseases
- Musculoskeletal system
-
The system of muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones, joints and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its form. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- muskmelons
- Mussels
- mustard oil
-
The vegetable oil pressed from seeds or the essential oil extracted from the seeds of Brassica nigra, Brassica juncea, or Brassica hirta. Mustard oil is used as a cooking oil, a source of omega-3 fatty acids, and in various medicinal preparations. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
- Mustela nigripes
- Mutagenesis
-
Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. (source: NALT)
Production of genetic alterations by any technique, including chemicals, radiation, recombination, or other molecular biology methods. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mutants
- mutation
-
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the genotype and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations. (source: NALT)
Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mycetophagidae
- Mycetophylidae
- Mycobacterium avium
-
A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily humans. (source: NALT)
A species of aerobic, Gram positive, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Actinobacteria. This species is acid fast, catalase positive, niacin, peroxidase, nitrate reductase, and urease negative, and may be susceptible to pnitrobenzoate, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, rifampin, and streptomycin. M. avium is found in soil and dust particles and can cause infection when inhaled or ingested, especially causing disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-
An obligate anaerobic, weakly Gram-positive species of mycobacterium that is the cause of most cases of tuberculosis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mycology
- Mycophila
- Mycoplasma
-
A genus of nonmotile facultatively anaerobic bacteria that lack a true cell wall, are gram-negative, and require sterol for growth. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mycoplasma agalactiae
- Mycoplasma bovigenitalium
- Mycoplasma hyorhinis
- Mycoplasma mycoides
- Mycoplasma pulmonis
- Mycoplasmoses
-
Infections with species of the genus Mycoplasma. (source: NALT)
- Mycoses
- Mycosphaerella
- Mycosphaerella fijiensis
- Mycotoxicoses
-
Poisoning caused by the ingestion of mycotoxins (toxins of fungal origin). (source: NALT)
- Mycotoxins
-
Toxic compounds produced by fungi. (source: NALT)
- Myidae
- Myiopharus
- Myllocerus
- Mymaridae
- Myndus
- Myosin
-
A diverse superfamily of proteins that function as translocating proteins. They share the common characteristics of being able to bind actins and hydrolyze MgATP. Myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are involved in locomotion, and light chains which are involved in regulation. (source: NALT)
- Myositis
-
Inflammation of skeletal muscle. Infectious, autoimmune, and paraneoplastic processes represent some of the more common conditions that may be associated with myositis. (source: NALT)
An inflammatory process affecting the skeletal muscles. Causes include infections, injuries, and autoimmune disorders. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Myosotis
- Myoxocephalus
- Myriapoda
- Myricaceae
- Myrtaceae
- Myrtales
- Myrtillocactus
- Mystus
- Mytilidae
- Myxospora
- Myzocallis
- Myzus
- Nabidae
- Nabis
- Nairovirus
-
A genus of enveloped, spherical viruses in the family Bunyaviridae. The genome is composed of a circular single-strand of negative sense RNA. Nairoviruses are tick-borne with human and animal hosts and cause hemorrhagic fevers and gastroenteritis in humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Nanophyetidae
- Naphthenates
- Naphthols
- Napropamide
- Narcissus
- Naringin
- Nasonovia
- natural enemies
-
Living organisms found in nature that kill, weaken, or reduce the reproductive potential of other organisms. (source: NALT)
- natural history
-
Use for organisms; For the natural history of a disease such as cancer, USE etiology. (source: NALT)
The systematic account of natural phenomena; in medicine, the elucidation and description of disease progress. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Natural resources
- Naupactus
- Nauphoeta
- Nauphoeta cinerea
-
Chronic inflammation of the navicular bone and bursa of the front foot in horses, causing lameness and a short stride. (source: NALT)
- Neck
-
The region that connects the head to the rest of the body. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Necrosis
-
The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative enzymes, leading to mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. Distinguish it from apoptosis which is a normal, regulated cellular process. (source: NALT)
A cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Necroviruses
- Nectar
- Nectria galligena
- Nectria radicicola
- Neem extracts
- Neisseriaceae
-
A taxonomic family of Gram negative, strictly aerobic bacterium in the phylum Proteobacteria that includes the genera Neisseria, Chromobacterium, Eikenella and Kingella, among others. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Nematicides
-
Pesticides that kill nematodes. (source: NALT)
- Nematoda
- nematode control
- Nematode infections
- Nematophagous fungi
- Neocallimastix
- Neochetina
- Neodiprion
- Neodiprion sertifer
- Neomycin
-
Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis. (source: NALT)
A broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Streptomyces fradiae with antibacterial activity. Neomycin is an antibiotic complex consisting of 3 components: the two isomeric components B and C are the active components, and neomycin A is the minor component. Neomycin irreversibly binds to the 16S rRNA and S12 protein of the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit. As a result, this agent interferes with the assembly of initiation complex between mRNA and the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting the initiation of protein synthesis. In addition, neomycin induces misreading of the mRNA template and causes translational frameshift, thereby results in premature termination. This eventually leads to bacterial cell death. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Neoplasm antigens
-
Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin. (source: NALT)
- Neoplasms
-
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. (source: NALT)
- Neoseiulus californicus
- Neoseiulus cucumeris
- Neospora
-
A genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass Coccidia. Its species are parasitic in dogs, cattle, goats, and sheep, among others. Neospora caninum, a species that mainly infects dogs, is intracellular in neural and other cells of the body, multiplies by endodyogeny, has no parasitophorous vacuole, and has numerous rhoptries. It is known to cause lesions in many tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord as well as abortion in the expectant mother. (source: NALT)
- Neostigmine
-
A parasympathomimetic agent that acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Neotestudina
- Nepenthales
- Nephotettix
- Nephropidae
- Nephus
- Nepidae
- Nepoviruses
- Neptunium
- Nerium
- Nervous system
-
The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- nervous system diseases
-
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle. (source: NALT)
- Nest boxes
- Nesting
- Neuropathy
-
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. (source: NALT)
A disorder affecting the cranial nerves or the peripheral nervous system. It is manifested with pain, tingling, numbness, and muscle weakness. It may be the result of physical injury, toxic substances, viral diseases, diabetes, renal failure, cancer, and drugs. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Neurophysiology
-
A branch of neuroscience concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Neuroptera
- Neurotoxins
- Neurotransmitters
- Neutralization
-
The act of rendering something ineffective or inactive. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Newcastle disease virus
-
The most well known avian paramyxovirus in the genus Avulavirus and the cause of a highly infectious pneumoencephalitis in fowl. It is also reported to cause conjunctivitis in humans. Transmission is by droplet inhalation or ingestion of contaminated water or food. (source: NALT)
A negative-stranded RNA virus that infects birds. It is the type strain for avian paramyxoviruses. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Niacin
-
A water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family, which occurs in many animal and plant tissues, with antihyperlipidemic activity. Niacin is converted to its active form niacinamide, which is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphate form, NADP. These coenzymes play an important role in tissue respiration and in glycogen, lipid, amino acid, protein, and purine metabolism. Although the exact mechanism of action by which niacin lowers cholesterol is not fully understood, it may act by inhibiting the synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), inhibiting the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, increasing lipoprotein lipase activity, and reducing the hepatic synthesis of VLDL-C and LDL-C. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Niclosamide
- Nicotiana tabacum
- Nicotinamide
- Nicotine tobacco
- Nigella sativa
- Nilaparvata
- Nilaparvata lugens
- Nisin
-
A 34-amino acid polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptococcus lactis. It has been used as a food preservative in canned fruits and vegetables, and cheese. (source: NALT)
- Nitella
- Nitidulidae
- Nitrapyrin
- nitrate fertilizers
- Nitrate reductase
- Nitrates
-
Includes inorganic salts and nitrate ions. (source: NALT)
- Nitrification
- Nitrilotriacetic acid
-
A white, crystalline solid compound. Nitrilotriacetic acid is mainly used as a chelating and eluting agent and is found in laundry detergents. Exposure to Nitrilotriacetic acid irritates the skin, eyes and respiratory tract and causes kidney and bladder damage. Nitrilotriacetic acid is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. (NCI05) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Nitrite reductase
- Nitrites
-
Includes inorganic salts and nitrite ions. (source: NALT)
- nitrofural
- Nitrofurans
- nitrogen compounds
- Nitrogen content
- nitrogen fertilizers
- Nitrogen fixation
- nitrogen fixing bacteria
- Nitrogen oxides
- Nitrogen phosphorus fertilizers
- Nitrogen potassium fertilizers
- Nitrogenase
- Nitroimidazoles
- Nitroso compounds
- Nitrosomonas
- Nitrosomonas europaea
- Nitzschiaceae
- Noctuidae
- Nodaviridae
- Nomadacris
- Nonprotein nitrogen
- Nonreducing sugars
- Noodles
- Noradrenaline
- Notonectidae
- Novel foods
-
Foods produced from ingredients that have not traditionally been used for human consumption in the area of the world in question, or that are produced by a new or extensively modified process. (source: NALT)
- NPK fertilizers
- Nucleases
- Nucleic acids
-
Type of substance that may be described as a linear sequence of nucleosides typically linked through phosphate esters. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Nucleosides
- Nucleotidase
- Nucleotide sequence
-
The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. (source: NALT)
The sequence of nucleotide residues along an RNA or DNA chain. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Nucleotides
-
A subunit of DNA or RNA consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA), a phosphate molecule, and a sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA). Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Nutrient availability
-
The availability of nutrients to be taken up and used by living biological organisms. (source: NALT)
- Nutrient balance
- Nutrient deficiencies
- Nutrient drug interactions
- nutrient intake
- Nutrient nutrient interactions
- Nutrients
-
Any substance that contributes to the growth and health of a living organism. (source: NALT)
- nutrition
-
That which is consumed to fuel necessary life processes of an organism. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Nutrition education
-
Use for describing the act of teaching how food selection influences the health and well being of the individual and/or for motivating individual or groups to use that knowledge; for describing a general body of information on the topic of nutrition USE nutrition information. (source: NALT)
- Nutrition physiology
- nutritional status
- Nutritive value
-
An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. Use for evaluating the ability of a food or feed to contribute to the diet and/or nutritional status of a human or animal; for descriptions of the composition of foods/feeds, without regard to their efficacy in the organism, USE “food composition” or one of its narrower terms. (source: NALT)
- Nuts
- Nyctaginaceae
- Nymphaeales
- Nymphalidae
- Nymphs
- Nypa
- Nyssa
- Nystatin
-
Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3. (source: NALT)
- Oases
-
Library of Congress sh85093584
Fertile or green spots in a desert or wasteland, made so by the presence of the water due to the water table reaching the surface. (source: NALT)
- oats
- Ochroma
- Ocimum basilicum
- Octanoic acid
- Octopodidae
- Odocoileus
- Odocoileus hemionus
- Odocoileus virginianus
- Odonata
- Oecophoridae
- Oedaleus
- Oenanthe
- Oenocarpus
- Oesophagostomum
- Oestridae
- oil spills
- oilseed protein
- oilseeds
- Oleaceae
- Olein
- Oligochaeta
- Oligonychus pratensis
- oligopeptides
- Oligosaccharides
- olive oil
-
Produced by pressing olives, Olive Oil has a high content of monounsaturated fats, thought beneficial for health. Major components of the phenolic fraction of olive oil, lignans and pinoresinols are potent antioxidants present in extra virgin (first pressed) oils. Containing vitamins E and F, other antioxidant compounds, foods containing high amounts of lignan precursors may be protective against breast, colon, and prostate cancer, as well as heart diseases. Used mainly in cooking today, olive oil has been used for medicines and in cosmetics. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
Reference USDA PLANTS link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Olives
- Olpidium
- Ommastrephidae
- Onagraceae
- Onchocercidae
- Oncideres
- Oncorhynchus
- Oncorhynchus keta
- Oncorhynchus kisutch
- Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
- Onions
- Onthophagus gazella
- Oocystaceae
- Oogenesis
-
The development of ovum, which are the female germ cells. Oogenesis occurs by meiosis and is essential for the production of mature eggs. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Operophtera
- Operophtera brumata
- Ophiobolus
- Ophiomyia
- Ophiomyia phaseoli
- Ophiostomatales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Ophiuroidea
- Opiliones
- Opisthorchiidae
- Opius
- opossums
- Optical properties
- Opuntia
- Opuntia ficus indica
- Orbivirus
-
A genus of non-enveloped, non-turreted viruses with a triple capsid structure, in the family Reoviridae. The genome is composed of linear, segmented double-stranded RNA. Orbiviruses are infective in a wide range of arthropod and vertebrate hosts and primarily cause disease in animals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Orchard soils
- Orchards
- Orchidaceae
- Oreochromis
- organic compounds
- Organic fertilizers
-
Use for fertilizers that are derived from animals or plants that are used to provide nutrients necessary to sustain plant growth, such as crab waste, animal manure, composted municipal wastes, etc.; For beneficial microorganisms that are applied to plants, seed, or soil in order to increase the amount of nutrients available to plants, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi USE biofertilizers. (source: NALT)
- Organic foods
-
Organic food is produced without: antibiotics; growth hormones; most conventional pesticides; petroleum- based fertilizers or sewage sludge-based fertilizers; bioengineering; or ionizing radiation. USDA certification is required before a product can be labeled “organic”. Companies, including restaurants, that handle or process organic food must be certified also. (source: NALT)
- Organic gardening
- organic matter
- Organic nitrogen compounds
- Organic soils
- Organic wastes
- Organochlorine compounds
- Organofluorine compounds
- Organophosphorus compounds
- Organotin compounds
- Orius
- ornamental birds
- Ornamental plants
- Ornithodoros
- ornithology
- Orobanchaceae
- Orobanche crenata
- Orseolia
- Orthopoxvirus
-
A genus of poxviruses that cause generalized infections with a rash in mammals. Orthopoxviruses are enveloped, double standed DNA viruses. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Orthoptera
- Oryx
- Oryza glaberrima
- Oryza rufipogon
- Oscinella
- Osmia
- Osmia lignaria
- Osteoarthritis
-
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. (source: NALT)
A noninflammatory degenerative joint disease occurring chiefly in older persons, characterised by degeneration of the articular cartilage, hypertrophy of bone at the margins and changes in the synovial membrane. It is accompanied by pain and stiffness, particularly after prolonged activity. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Osteomyelitis
-
An infectious inflammation of the bone usually caused by a bacteria. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone. (source: NALT)
An acute or chronic inflammation of the bone and its structures due to infection with pyogenic bacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ostracoda
- Ostreidae
- ostriches
- Ostrinia
- Otariidae
- Otitidae
- Oulema
- Oulema melanopus
- outcrossing
-
Mating individuals that belong to different strains or families within the same breed or variety. (source: NALT)
- Ovarian cysts
- Ovarian diseases
- Ovarian follicles
- Ovaries
-
Use for ovaries of animals; for plant ovaries USE plant ovary. (source: NALT)
- Overdose
- Overeating
-
Use for humans and animals used as models in human studies; For animals USE overfeeding. (source: NALT)
- Overfeeding
-
Use for animals; for humans and animals used as models in human studies USE overeating. (source: NALT)
- Overweight
-
Weight in excess of the body weight required to maintain overall health. Often defined as a Body Mass Index greater or equal to 25 but less than 30. (source: NALT)
- Ovulation
-
The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a vesicular follicle of the ovary. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Oxalates
- Oxalic acid
- Oxalidaceae
- Oxamyl
- Oxfendazole
- Oxidants
- Oxidation
-
The process of oxidizing; the addition of oxygen to a compound accompanied by a loss of electrons. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Oxidative stress
-
A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products. The damage to biological tissues is caused by superoxide and other free radicals generated by many factors, including exposure to alcohol, medications, trauma, cold, toxins, and radiation or by antimicrobial cellular immunity, metabolic abnormality, or “normal” aging; not synonymous with hypoxia or hyperoxia. Oxidative stress promotes a range of degenerative disorders, including cancer, diabetes, premature aging, Alzheimer’s, and many others. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Oxides
- Oxidoreductases
- Oximes
- Oxya
- Oxyclozanide
- Oxygen
-
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight 16. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using Google link
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Look-up using CAS number link
- Oxygen consumption
-
The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue, or the rate at which oxygen enters the blood. Use for oxygen consumption of cells, tissues or whole organisms. (source: NALT)
- Oxygen requirement
- Oxyopidae
- Oxytetracycline
-
A tetracycline analog isolated from the actinomycete Streptomyces rimosus and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions. (source: NALT)
- Oxyuridae
- Ozone depletion
- Pachnaeus
- Pachnaeus litus
- Pachysandra
- Pacifastacus
- Paenibacillus
- Paenibacillus larvae
- Paeoniaceae
- Pagrus pagrus
- Pain
-
The sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony, resulting from the stimulation of specialized nerve endings. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Palaemonidae
- Palinuridae
- palm kernel oil
-
The oil from the kernel or “nut” of the palm. Compare with palm oils. (source: NALT)
The edible oil extracted from the kernels of the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis. Palm kernel oil is commonly used as a commercial cooking oil due to its stability at high temperatures. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
Reference USDA PLANTS link
Look-up using CAS number link
- palm oils
-
Oils pressed from the pulp of the fruit of various palms (Arecaceae). The African palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a common source for palm oil. Palm oils are high in saturated fat and carotene, and used in foods, soaps, cosmetics, candles. Compare with palm kernel oil. (source: NALT)
- Palygorskite
- Palynology
-
The branch of science in studying spores and pollen. (source: NALT)
- Pamphiliidae
- Panax
- Panax pseudoginseng
- Panax quinquefolius
- Pancreas
-
Library of Congress sh85097370
An organ behind the lower part of the stomach that is the shape of a fish and about the size of a hand. It is a compound gland composed of both exocrine and endocrine tissues. The endocrine pancreas makes insulin so that the body can use glucose (sugar) for energy. The exocrine pancreas makes enzymes that help the body digest food. Spread all over the pancreas are areas called the Islets of Langerhans. The cells in these areas each have a special purpose. The alpha cells make glucagon, which raises the level of glucose in the blood; the beta cells make insulin; the delta cells make somatostatin. There are also PP cells and D1 cells, about which little is known. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pancreatic juice
- Pandalidae
- Panonychus citri
- Pantomorus
- Pantothenic acid
- Papain
- Papaver somniferum
- Papaveraceae
- Papayas
- Paper
- Paperboard
- Papilio polyxenes
- Papilio xuthus
- Papilloma
-
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (source: NALT)
A benign epithelial neoplasm that projects above the surrounding epithelial surface and consists of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Papio
- Parabemisia
- Paragonimidae
- Paralichthys olivaceus
- Paralithodes camtschaticus
- Paralysis
-
Partial or complete loss of function of one or more muscles. It is usually caused by damage to the nervous system. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Paramecium
- Paramphistomidae
- Paraphaeosphaeria
-
Rank of Genus, Montagnulaceae incertae sedis. (source: NALT)
- Parapoxvirus
-
A genus of enveloped, oval-shaped virions with surface filaments, in the family Poxviridae. The genome is composed of non-segmented, double-stranded DNA. Two distinct infection virus particles exist for Parapoxviruses and cause non-serious infection in humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Parascaris
- Parashorea
- Parasites
- Parasitic plants
- Parasitoids
- Parasitology
-
A branch of biology which deals with parasitic organisms with a strong emphasis on their role in disease. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Parasitoses
- Parastacidae
- Parenchyma
-
The tissue that constitutes the essential part of an organ as contrasted with e.g., connective tissue and blood vessels. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Parkinsonia
- Parlatoria
- Parlatoria pergandii
- Parthenium
- Parthenogenesis
-
reproduction in which young are produced by unfertilized females. (source: NALT)
- Parthenolecanium
- participation
- particle size
- Parturition
-
Library of Congress sh85098407
The process by which a mammal gives birth. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Parturition interval
- Parvoviridae
- Paspalum dilatatum
- Paspalum notatum
- Paspalum plicatulum
- Passeriformes
- Passifloraceae
- Passive immunity
- Pasteurella multocida
-
A species of Gram-negative, non-motile coccobacillus in the phylum Actinobacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pasteurellosis
-
Infections with bacteria of the genus Pasteurella. (source: NALT)
- Pasteuria
- Pasteurization
-
Process of heating milk or other liquids to destroy microorganisms that can cause disease or spoilage while minimizing chemical changes that affect taste or aroma. (source: NALT)
- Pasteurized milk
- Pastinaca
- Pastures
-
Use for agricultural land for grazing livestock; for grasslands primarily grown for making hay USE meadows. (source: NALT)
- pathogenesis
-
The development of a disease or disease process. (source: NALT)
The pathologic, physiologic, or biochemical mechanism resulting in the development of a disease or morbid process. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pathogenicity
-
Ability of infectious agents (i.e., viruses, bacteria, fungi), parasitic nematodes, protozoa or helminths to cause disease. (source: NALT)
- Pathogens
-
Microorganisms, viruses and parasites that can cause disease. (source: NALT)
- Pathotypes
-
Populations of the same species which differ by their pathogenic capability. (source: NALT)
- Paulownia tomentosa
- Pawpaw (asimina)
- Paxillus
- Peas
- Peat soils
-
Soil type derived from dead organic matter in a wet area. The reduced available oxygen results in slower decomposition of the organic material so that the plant residues are recognizable. (source: NALT)
- Peatlands
-
Peatland is a generic term for an extensive tract of wetland where peat has formed. They develop more extensively in northern areas where water drainage is blocked, precipitation is retained, and organic matter decomposition is slowed. (source: NALT)
- pecans
- Pectinesterase
- Pectinidae
- Pedaliaceae
- Pediocins
- Pegomya
- Pelargonidin
- Pelecaniformes
- Pellicularia
- pemphigus (skin disease)
- Penaeidae
- Penicillins
-
A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (source: NALT)
- Penicillium
- Peniophora
- Pennisetum glaucum
- Pentalonia
- Pentalonia nigronervosa
- Pentatomidae
- Pentobarbital
- Pentose phosphate cycle
- Pentoses
- Pepsin
- Peptidases
- peptides
- Peptostreptococcus
-
A genus of anaerobic, Gram positive, cocci shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Firmicutes and the family Peptostreptococcaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Peregrinus
- Peregrinus maidis
- Perennials
- Perianth
- pericarp
-
A wall of a fruit, developed from the ovary or carpel wall. (source: NALT)
- Pericopsis
- Peridroma saucia
- Perilla frutescens
- Perinatal period
- Periodicity
-
The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian). (source: NALT)
- Periphyton
-
Underwater plants and animals that are firmly attached to solid surfaces such as rocks, logs, pilings, leaves and stems of aquatic plants, etc. (source: NALT)
- Periplaneta
- Periplaneta americana
- Perissodactyla
-
The taxonomic order of mammals that includes odd-toed ungulates such as horses, zebras, tapirs, and rhinoceroses. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Peristenus
- Peritonitis
-
Inflammation of the peritoneum. (source: NALT)
Inflammation of the peritoneum due to infection by bacteria or fungi. Causes include liver disease, perforation of the gastrointestinal tract or biliary tract, and peritoneal dialysis. Patients usually present with abdominal pain and tenderness, fever, chills, and nausea and vomiting. It is an emergency medical condition that requires prompt medical attention and treatment. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Perkinsiella
- Peronosporales
- Peroxidases
- peroxidation
- Peroxides
-
Chemical compounds containing a peroxy group in which two oxygen atoms are bound to each other by a single covalent bond and carry two unpaired electrons and two negative charges. (source: NALT)
- Persea americana
- pest control
- pest management
- Pest resistance
-
Resistance or tolerance of a host to a pest. (source: NALT)
- Pestalotia
- Pestalotiopsis
- pesticidal properties
- Pesticide application
- Pesticide formulations
- Pesticide residues
- Pesticide resistance
- Pesticide synergists
- pesticides
-
A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest. (source: NALT)
- Pestivirus
- Pests
-
A general term for organisms which may cause illness or damage to humans or to crops, livestock, or materials important to humans. (source: NALT)
- pet care
- Petasites
- petroleum
- Petromyzontiformes
- Petroselinum
- Petroselinum crispum
- Pezizales
-
Library of Congress sh85100520
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- pH
-
Quantity of dimension one used to express on a scale from 0 to 14 the amount-of-substance concentration of hydrogen ion of dilute aqueous solution, calculated as the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Phacidiopycnis
- Phaeocryptopus
- Phaeocytostroma
- Phaeophyceae
- Phagocytes
- Phanerochaete
- Pharmacokinetics
-
Library of Congress sh85100597
Dynamic and kinetic mechanisms of exogenous chemical and drug absorption; biological transport; tissue distribution; biotransformation; elimination; and toxicology as a function of dosage, and rate of metabolism. It includes toxicokinetics, the pharmacokinetic mechanism of the toxic effects of a substance. ADME and ADMET are short- hand abbreviations for absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicology. (source: NALT)
The characteristic movements of drugs within biological systems, as affected by absorption, distribution, binding, elimination, biotransformation, and excretion; particularly the rates of such movements. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pharmacology
-
The study of pharmacologic agents. This includes the preparation, compounding, and dispensing of drugs, as well as the characteristics and properties of drugs, their effects on the body, and how they are metabolized and eliminated from the body. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pharynx
-
A hollow tube that starts posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity and ends superior to the trachea and esophagus. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Phaseolus
- Phaseolus vulgaris
- Phasianidae
- Pheidole megacephala
- Phellinus
- Phenmedipham
- Phenobarbital
-
A long-acting barbituric acid derivative with antipsychotic property. Phenobarbital binds to and activates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor, thereby mimicking the inhibitory actions of GABA in the brain. The activation effects of the phenobarbital-receptor-ionophore complex include increased frequency of chloride channel openings, membrane hyperpolarization and ultimately synaptic inhibition and decreased neuronal excitability. In addition, this agent inhibits glutamate induced depolarization. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using Google link
Rotate the 3-D representation
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Look-up using CAS number link
- Phenolic acids
- Phenolic compounds
- Phenology
-
The study of periodic biological phenomena with relation to climate, particularly seasonal changes. These phenomena can be used to interpret local seasons and the climatic zones. (source: NALT)
- phenols
- Phenothiazines
- phenotypes
-
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the genotype and the environment. (source: NALT)
- Phenylalanine
-
An essential aromatic amino acid in humans (provided by food), Phenylalanine plays a key role in the biosynthesis of other amino acids and is important in the structure and function of many proteins and enzymes. Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine, used in the biosynthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters. The L-form of Phenylalanine is incorporated into proteins, while the D-form acts as a painkiller. Absorption of ultraviolet radiation by Phenylalanine is used to quantify protein amounts. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using Google link
Rotate the 3-D representation
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Look-up using CAS number link
- Phenylalanine ammonia lyase
- Pheromones
- Philaenus
- Philodendron
- Phlaeothripidae
- Phlebia
- Phlebovirus
-
A genus of enveloped, spherical shaped viruses with surface glycoproteins that are arranged in a T=12 icosahedral symmetrical lattice, in the family Bunyaviridae. The genome is composed of three linear, segmented single-strands of negative sense RNA. Phelboviruses are mosquito-borne and humans, ruminants and camels are natural hosts. This genus causes influenza-like illness and rarely hemorrhagic fevers in humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Phlox drummondii
- Phocidae
- Phocoenidae
- Phoenix dactylifera
- Phoenix Islands
- Pholiota
- Phoma
- Phoma exigua
- Phoma medicaginis
- Phomopsis
- Phoracantha
- Phorbia
- Phoridae
- Phormia
- Phormia regina
- Phormium
- Phorodon
- Phosphates
- Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
- Phosphoglucomutase
- Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
- Phosphoric monoester hydrolases
- Phosphorus
-
An element with atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 30.97. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Phosphorus potassium fertilizers
- Phosphorylase
- Phosphorylation
-
Library of Congress sh85101132
The creation of a phosphate derivative of an organic molecule. This is usually achieved by transferring a phosphate group from ATP via the action of a kinase. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Photolysis
- Photosynthesis
-
Library of Congress sh85101413
The synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water by chlorophyll using light as energy and producing oxygen. (source: NALT)
The process through which light energy, water, and carbon dioxide are converted to carbohydrate and oxygen in the presence of chlorophyll. Occurs in plants, algae, cyanobacteria and lichens. (BioTech Life Science Dictionary) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- photosystem I
- Phoxinus
- Phragmites australis
- Phthalates
- Phthiraptera
- Phyllachorales
-
Rank of Order, Sordariomycetes incertae sedis, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Phyllobius
- Phyllocnistis citrella
- Phyllocoptruta oleivora
- Phyllophoraceae
- Phyllosticta
- Phyllotreta
- Phylloxeridae
- Physalis angulata
- Physalis peruviana
- Physeteridae
- Physics
-
The study of those aspects of nature which can be understood in a fundamental way in terms of elementary principles and laws; the laws and properties of matter, and the forces acting upon it. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Physiographic soil types
- Physiological response
- Physiology
-
The study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Physoderma
- Physostigmine
- Phytelephas
- Phytic acid
- Phytoalexins
- Phytolaccaceae
- Phytomyza
- Phytophthora infestans
- Phytoplankton
-
Free-floating, mainly microscopic, photosynthetic organisms, such as algae, dinoflagellates, and diatoms, in aquatic systems. (source: NALT)
- Phytoplasmas
- phytoremediation
-
The use of plants to uptake, store, degrade, immobilize, transform, or volatilize harmful substances in order to mitigate damage to human health or the environment. (source: NALT)
- Phytoseiidae
- Phytosterols
-
General term for the sterols found in plants. (source: NALT)
- pica
-
The persistent eating of nonfood items. (source: NALT)
- Picea abies
- Picea glauca
- Picea glehnii
- Picea mariana
- Picea pungens
- Pichia stipitis
- Piciformes
- Pickling
-
A method of preserving and flavoring foods by soaking them in brine or vinegar, often spiced. (source: NALT)
- Picloram
-
A family of small RNA viruses comprising some important pathogens of humans and animals. Transmission usually occurs mechanically. (source: NALT)
- Piedraia
- Pieridae
- Pieris napi
- Pieris rapae
- Piesmatidae
- pigeon peas
- pigeons
- piglets
- Pigmentation
-
Pigmentation; the coloring of the skin, hair, mucous membranes, and retina of the eye. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pigments
- Pimpinella
- Pimpinella anisum
- Pimpla
- Pinaceae
- Pineapples
- Pinellia
- Pineus
- Pinnipedia
- Pinopsida
- Pinus caribaea
- Pinus cembra
- Pinus echinata
- Pinus elliottii
- Pinus kesiya
- Pinus massoniana
- Pinus peuce
- Pinus strobus
- Piophilidae
- Pipe drainage
- Piper betle
- Piperales
- Piperazines
- Pipidae
- Pirimicarb
- Piroplasmea
- Pisces
-
Includes taxonomic classification of Pisces; For common types SEE fish. (source: NALT)
- Pissodes
- Pistacia
- Pistia
- Pitcairn
- Pituitary gland
-
A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. (source: NALT)
Pea-sized endocrine gland located at the base of the brain in the pituitary fossa. It produces and secretes hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin, to regulate the activities of the hypothalamus. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pituitary hormones
- Placental hormones
-
Library of Congress sh85102573
Hormones produced in the placenta during pregnancy. (source: NALT)
- Plagiorchiidae
- Plankton
-
Community of tiny aquatic plants and animals, and photosynthetic bacteria, that are either free-floating or suspended in the water, with little or no power of locomotion. (source: NALT)
- Planococcus citri
- plant anatomy
- Plant breeding
- Plant collections
- Plant communities
-
The various plant populations (species) that live in the same habitat or environment, typically with one or more dominant species. (source: NALT)
- Plant competition
-
The simultaneous demand of two or more plant individuals or species for a necessary resource in their environment (e.g., nutrients, water, space). (source: NALT)
- Plant cuticle
- plant damage
- plant ecology
- Plant exudates
- Plant fats
-
Use for those plant lipids that are naturally solid at room temperatures. (source: NALT)
- plant growth substances
-
Use for chemical substances that promote, inhibit or act on plant growth and development; for endogenous, naturally-occurring plant growth regulators USE plant hormones. (source: NALT)
- Plant morphology
-
The form, shape and 3D spatial relationships (structure) of plant parts and whole plants. Use for the 3D study of individual plants and plant parts; For the spatial characterization of plant communities USE vegetation structure. (source: NALT)
- plant nutrition
- Plant physiology
- Plant products
- Plant protection
- Plant protein
- Plant strata
-
The vertical structure of plant communities. (source: NALT)
- Plant tissues
- Plant water relations
- Plantae
-
Includes taxonomic classification of Plantae; For common types SEE plants. (source: NALT)
- Plantations
- plants
-
Includes common types of plants; For taxonomic classification SEE Plantae. (source: NALT)
- plasma cells
-
Library of Congress sh85103058
Specialized forms of antibody-producing B-lymphocytes. They synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin. They are found only in lymphoid organs and at sites of immune responses and normally do not circulate in the blood or lymph. (source: NALT)
- plasmids
-
Library of Congress sh85103093
Extrachromosomal, usually circular DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in genetic engineering as cloning vectors. Use for extrachromosomal DNA as described in the definition; for plasmids being used as genetic vectors USE plasmid vectors. (source: NALT)
- Plasmin
- Plasminogen activator
-
A family of serine proteases that catalyze the proteolytic conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Plasmodium
-
A genus of parasitic protozoans that includes the causative agent of malaria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Plasmodium gallinaceum
- Plastids
-
Any of various cytoplasmic, membrane-bound organelles of plant and algal cells and certain protists, that contain pigments, starch, oil, or protein. (source: NALT)
- Platanus occidentalis
- Platycephalus
- Platycodon
- Platycodon grandiflorum
- Platygasteridae
- Platyhelminthes
- Platynosomum
- Platypodidae
- Platystomatidae
- Plautia stali
- Plecoglossus altivelis
- Plecoptera
- Plectranthus
- Pleosphaerulina
- Pleosporales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Plesiomonas shigelloides
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile, oxidase, catalase, ornithine and lysine decarboxylase, and arginine dihydrolase positive, Voges-Proskauer test negative, reduces nitrate, but does not hydrolyze urea or liquefy gelatin. P. shigelloides is naturally found in fresh water and other marine environments as well as on their inhabitants and causes gastroenteritis in humans and other types of infections in immunocompromised individuals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pleuronectidae
- Pleuronectiformes
- Pleurotus
- Plexus
- Plumbaginaceae
- Plutella xylostella
- Plutonium
- Pneumonitis
-
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma. (source: NALT)
An inflammatory process affecting the lung parenchyma. It is a milder form of lung inflammation compared to pneumonia. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pneumovirus
-
A genus of enveloped, spherical viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae. The genome is composed of a linear single-strand of negative sense RNA. Pneumoviruses are found in human, cattle and rodents and cause disease of the respiratory tract in humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Poa annua
- Poa compressa
- Podicipediformes
- Podocarpaceae
- Podophyllum
- Poeciliidae
- Poekilocerus
- Poisoning
-
A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. (source: NALT)
- Polemoniaceae
- Polianthes
- Pollen
- Pollination
- Pollinators
- pollutants
-
Any substance introduced into environment that has adverse effects on biological systems or organisms. Use for undesirable substances in the environment; For undesirable substances in products USE adulterated products. (source: NALT)
- Polluted soil
- Pollution
- pollution control
- Polyamines
- Polychaeta
- Polychlorinated biphenyls
- polyclonal antibodies
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are a large class of organic compounds containing two or more fused aromatic rings made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. They have high melting and boiling-points, low vapour pressure, water solubility, and are highly lipophilic. PAH are produced during incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of organic matter, are found in cigarette smoke, motor vehicle exhaust, used motor lubricating oil, broiled meat, coal tar, crude oil, creosote, roofing tar, dyes, plastics, and pesticides. Some members of PAH class were shown to have carcinogenic, genotoxic, and immunotoxic properties, developmental toxicity and affect reproductive health. (NCI) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Polygalacturonase
- Polygonaceae
- Polymerization
-
The act or process of changing to a polymeric form. Polymerization consists of reactions that form a compound (polymer), usually of high molecular weight, by combination of simpler molecules (monomers). Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Polymers
- Polymnia
- Polymorphism
-
The occurrence of different forms of individuals in a single species. (source: NALT)
The quality or state of being able to assume different forms. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Polyodontidae
- Polyols
- polypeptides
- Polyphagotarsonemus latus
- polyploidy
-
Library of Congress sh85104712
The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of chromosomes; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc. (source: NALT)
A numerical chromosomal abnormality characterized by the presence of more than two sets of chromosomes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Polyporus
- Polysaccharides
- Polystyrene
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids
-
Unsaturated fatty acids containing more than one double bond between carbon atoms. (source: NALT)
- Polyuronides
- Pomacea
- Pome fruits
- Poncirus trifoliata
- population ecology
-
The field of ecology dealing with the dynamics of populations within species, and the patterns in space and time of the interactions of these populations with environmental factors. (source: NALT)
- population structure
- Populus grandidentata
- Populus nigra
- Porcine circovirus
-
Porcine circovirus is no longer valid in the 8th Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. Use for indexing only when the specific type is not known. (source: NALT)
- Poria
- Pork
-
The meat of the domestic pig. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Porphyra
- Porphyrins
- Portulacaceae
- Portunidae
- Postharvest diseases
- Postia
- postmortem changes
- Pot culture
- pot marigold
- Potamididae
- Potassium
-
An element with atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Potassium chloride
-
A metal halide composed of potassium and chloride. Potassium maintains intracellular tonicity, is required for nerve conduction, cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle contraction, production of energy, the synthesis of nucleic acids, maintenance of blood pressure and normal renal function. This agent has potential antihypertensive effects and when taken as a nutritional supplement may prevent hypokalemia. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Potexviruses
- Potyviruses
- poultry
-
Domesticated fowl grown for their meat and eggs. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
- poultry housing
- poultry meat
- Pouteria
- Pouteria sapota
- Poxviridae
- Prairie soils
- Praon
- Predation
- predators
- Pregnancy
-
The state or condition of having a developing embryo or fetus in the body (uterus), after union of an ovum and spermatozoon, during the period from conception to birth. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pregnancy diagnosis
- Preharvest treatment
- Premnotrypes
- preplanting treatment
- Prepupae
- Preservatives
- Pressure
-
The force applied to a unit area of surface. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Prevotella
-
A genus of anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Bacteroidetes and the family Prevotellaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Prevotella ruminicola
-
A species of obligately anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Bacteroidetes. This species is nonmotile, non-spore forming, nonpigmented, rhamnose, sucrose, esculin hydrolysis, beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, and alpha-fucosidase positive, but indole and glycine aminopeptidase negative. P. ruminicola is commonly found in the rumen and hindgut of cattle and sheep where it aids in digesting protein and carbohydrate food sources, as well as to prevent bovine rumen acidosis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- primary productivity
-
The total quantity of fixed carbon (organic matter) per unit area over time produced by photosynthesis in an ecosystem. (source: NALT)
- primates
- Primulaceae
- Prion diseases
-
Library of Congress sh92003842
A group of genetic, infectious, or sporadic degenerative human and animal nervous system disorders associated with abnormal prions. In humans, these conditions generally feature dementia, ataxia, and a fatal outcome. Diseases in this category include Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome; scrapie; bovine spongiform encephalopathy; chronic wasting disease of mule deer and elk; and transmissible mink encephalopathy. Pathologic features include a spongiform encephalopathy without evidence of inflammation. (source: NALT)
- Prionace
- Prionoxystus
- Proanthocyanidin
- probiotics
-
Live, nonpathogenic, nontoxic microbial organisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. (source: NALT)
- Procaine
-
A benzoic acid derivative with local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic properties. Procaine binds to and inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby inhibiting the ionic flux required for the initiation and conduction of impulses. In addition, this agent increases electrical excitation threshold, reduces rate of rise of action potential and slows nerve impulse propagation thereby causing loss of sensation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Procambarus
- Procellariiformes
- Processed cheese
-
Blends of several types of cheese mixed and melted together with added emulsifiers and preservatives, sometimes sold in individually wrapped thin slices. (source: NALT)
- Processed foods
-
Foods that are manufactured, usually on a large scale, using any of a wide variety of processing techniques, most often with the goal of preserving food for market. (source: NALT)
- Prochloraz
- Procymidone
- Procyonidae
- progeny
- Progeny testing
-
Evaluation of the genotype of individuals by studying the progeny derived from it by controlled breeding. (source: NALT)
- Progesterone
-
Produced in the corpus luteum and by the placenta, as an antagonist of estrogens. Promotes proliferation of uterine mucosa and the implantation of the blastocyst, prevents further follicular development. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Proline
-
A cyclic, nonessential amino acid (actually, an imino acid) in humans (synthesized from glutamic acid and other amino acids), Proline is a constituent of many proteins. Found in high concentrations in collagen, proline constitutes almost a third of the residues. Collagen is the main supportive protein of skin, tendons, bones, and connective tissue and promotes their health and heeling. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Propachlor
- propagation materials
- Propanil
- Propham
- Propiconazole
- Propionates
- Propionic acid
- Propionic acid bacteria
- Propoxur
- Propyzamide
- Prosopis nigra
- Prosopis pallida
- Prostaglandins
-
A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. (source: NALT)
- Prostephanus
- Prosthogonimidae
- Prostigmata
- Proteaceae
- Protected cultivation
- Protected species
- Protein content
- Protein metabolism
- protein requirements
- Proteinase inhibitors
- Proteinases
- proteins
- Proteolysis
-
Use for hydrolysis of a peptide bond in a protein; for the reordering of the molecular structure of proteins or nucleic acids which leads to loss of function USE denaturation; for the general break down of proteins in organisms or products USE protein degradation. (source: NALT)
Proteolysis typically involves hydrolysis of specific peptide bond(s) with formation of smaller polypeptides in a target protein during maturation or modification of functional activity. The process may be catalyzed by proteolytic enzymes, by acids, or by bases. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- protoplasts
-
Plant, fungal or bacterial cells that have had the cell wall removed, leaving the cytoplasm, nucleus and plasma membrane intact. (source: NALT)
- Protostrongylidae
- Prototheca
-
A genus of green algae in the family Chlorellaceae and phylum Chlorophyta. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Protozoa
-
Library of Congress sh85107814
Unicellular heterotrophic eukaryote in the kingdom protista. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Protozoal infections
- Protura
- Provenance
-
Geographic origin, such as of organisms, seed, nursery stock or inoculum. (source: NALT)
Where something originated or was nurtured in its early existence. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Proventriculus
-
A portion of the digestive system of birds, insects and invertebrates lying between the crop and the gizzard. It is responsible for the secretion of gastric enzymes and moving food into the gizzard. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Provitamins
- proximate composition
- Prunes
- Pruning
-
Use for the cultural practice of removing plant parts by man: For the natural process of branches dying and breaking off USE natural pruning. (source: NALT)
- Prunus
- Prunus americana
- Prunus amygdalus
- Prunus angustifolia
- Prunus armeniaca
- Prunus avium
- Prunus cerasifera
- Prunus cerasus
- Prunus persica
- Prunus serotina
- Psammotettix
- Pseudallescheria
- Pseudatomoscelis seriatus
- Pseudaulacaspis
- Pseudococcidae
- Pseudococcus comstocki
- Pseudomonas
-
A genus of gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile, non spore forming, produces pyorubin, pyocyanin and fluorescein and has minimal nutrient requirements. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen found in soil, water and as a part of skin flora that can cause lethal infections in cystic fibrosis patients, burn victims and immunocompromised individuals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Pseudomonas cichorii
- Pseudomonas fluorescens
-
A species of obligatively aerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile, non spore forming, a source of fluorescein and mupirocin and is used in the production of yogurt. P. fluorescens can be pathogenic to immunocompromised individuals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pseudomonas putida
-
A species of aerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile, non spore forming, oxidase positive and able to degrade styrene and many aromatic hydrocarbons found in fuel oil. P. putida is rarely pathogenic and one strain can convert morphine to hydromorphine. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pseudoroegneria spicata
- Pseudoscorpiones
- Pseudotheraptus
- Pseudotsuga menziesii
- Psila rosae
- Psilidae
- Psilocybe
- Psilopsida
- Psittaciformes
- Psocoptera
- Psorophora
- Psoroptidae
- Psorospermum
- Psychidae
- Psychodidae
- Psychology
-
The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. (source: NALT)
The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Psyllidae
- Psylliodes
- Psylloidea
- Pteridium
- Pteridium aquilinum
- Pteromalidae
- Pteropodidae
- Pterostichus
- Ptinidae
- public health
-
Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. (source: NALT)
The science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community, as by preventive medicine, health education, control of communicable diseases, application of sanitary measures, and monitoring of environmental hazards. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pulicidae
- Pullets
-
Young female chickens. (source: NALT)
- Pullulanase
- Pulp
- Pulvinaria
- Pummelos
- Pumpkins
- Pupae
- Puppies
-
Library of Congress sh85109152
Use for young domestic dogs; For young animals of other species such as seals, mice, rats, wolves, and coyotes USE pups. (source: NALT)
- Purines
- Purshia tridentata
- Putrescine
- Pycnoporus
- Pyralidae
- Pyrantel
- Pyrausta
- Pyrazines
- Pyrenochaeta
- Pyrenopeziza brassicae
- Pyrenophora
- Pyridines
- Pyrimidines
- Pyroglyphidae
- Pyrrhalta
- Pyrrhocoridae
- Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
- Pyrrophycophyta
- Pyrus calleryana
- Pyrus communis
- Pyruvate carboxylase
- Pyruvate kinase
- Q fever
-
An acute infectious disease caused by Coxiella burnetti. It is characterized by a sudden onset of fever, headache, malaise, and weakness. In humans, it is commonly contracted by inhalation of infected dusts derived from infected domestic animals. (source: NALT)
A bacterial infection caused by Coxiella burnetii. It is transmitted to humans by the inhalation of infected air particles or contact with fluids and feces of infected animals. Signs and symptoms include the abrupt onset of fever, headache, myalgias, and weakness. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Quantitative genetics
-
The area of genetics concerned with the inheritance of continuously-varying traits. Most practical improvement programs involve the application of quantitative genetics. (source: NALT)
The branch of genetics concerned with the inheritance of continuously-varying traits. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Quarantine
-
Library of Congress sh85109473
Place into enforced isolation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Quarg
-
A soft, unripened, fresh cheese that is about the consistency of yogurt. (source: NALT)
- Quaternary ammonium compounds
- Quercetin
-
A polyphenolic flavonoid with potential chemopreventive activity. Quercetin, ubiquitous in plant food sources and a major bioflavonoid in the human diet, may produce antiproliferative effects resulting from the modulation of either EGFR or estrogen-receptor mediated signal transduction pathways. Although the mechanism of action of action is not fully known, the following effects have been described with this agent in vitro: decreased expression of mutant p53 protein and p21-ras oncogene, induction of cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and inhibition of heat shock protein synthesis. This compound also demonstrates synergy and reversal of the multidrug resistance phenotype, when combined with chemotherapeutic drugs, in vitro. Quercetin also produces anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy effects mediated through the inhibition of the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways, thereby preventing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Quercus agrifolia
- Quercus douglasii
- Quercus dumosa
- Quercus kelloggii
- Quercus macrocarpa
- Quercus petraea
- Quercus suber
- Quercus velutina
- quinacrine
- Quinces
- quinine
-
A quinidine alkaloid isolated from the bark of the cinchona tree. Quinine has many mechanisms of action, including reduction of oxygen intake and carbohydrate metabolism; disruption of DNA replication and transcription via DNA intercalation; and reduction of the excitability of muscle fibers via alteration of calcium distribution. This agent also inhibits the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein which is overexpressed in multi-drug resistant tumors and may improve the efficacy of some antineoplastic agents. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Quinoline alkaloids
- Quinolines
- Quinones
- Rafoxanide
- Rai
- Raillietia
- raintree
- Raisins
- Rajiformes
- Rakkyo
- Ralstonia solanacearum
- Ramie
- Rana catesbeiana
- Rangeland soils
- Rangelands
-
Land on which the historic climax plant community is predominantly grasses, grasslike plants, forbs, or shrubs. Includes lands revegetated naturally or artificially when routine management of that vegetation is accomplished mainly through manipulation of grazing. Rangelands include natural grasslands, savannas, shrublands, most deserts, tundra, alpine communities, coastal marshes, and wet meadows. (source: NALT)
- Ranidae
- Ranunculaceae
- Ranunculales
- Rapeseed
- Rapeseed meal
- rapeseed oil
- Raphanus
- Raphia
- Rare earth elements
- Raspberries
- Ratooning
-
Production of a subsequent crop that results from the regrowth from roots of the previous harvested crop, as in sugarcane, pineapple, and banana. (source: NALT)
- Raw milk
-
Fresh, unprocessed milk as it comes from a cow, goat or other mammal. (source: NALT)
- Receptors
- Recilia
- Reclaimed soil
- Recombinant antigens
- Recombinant DNA
-
Library of Congress sh85111851
Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources usually for the purpose of genetic manipulation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Recommended dietary allowances
-
The dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all individuals in the group. (source: NALT)
- Reconstituted foods
-
Foods which were concentrated or condensed and have been brought to their original strength by adding water. (source: NALT)
- Reconstituted milk
-
Reconstituted milk is the product obtained by the addition of potable water to dried milk. (source: NALT)
- Rectum
-
The terminal portion of the gastrointestinal tract, extending from the rectosigmoid junction to the anal canal. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Red currants
- Reducing sugars
- Reduviidae
- Refined sugar
- Reflectance
- Regeneration
-
The renewal or regrowth of an anatomical part, such as one which has been injured or completely lost. (source: NALT)
Reproduction or reconstitution of a lost or injured part. (NCI) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Reindeer
- Relaxin
- Relay cropping
-
The seeding of one crop into another standing crop, e.g., winter wheat into standing soybeans. A practice of starting one crop in another. (source: NALT)
- Renin
-
Renin (406 aa, ~45 kDa) is encoded by the human REN gene. This protein plays a role in activation of angiotensin. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Rennet
- rennet substitutes
- Reoviridae
- Repellents
- reproduction
-
The generation of offspring by living organisms. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Reproductive behaviour
- Reproductive disorders
- reptiles
-
Includes common types of reptiles; For taxonomic classificiation SEE Reptilia. (source: NALT)
- Resedaceae
- Reserpine
-
An alkaloid, derived from the roots of Rauwolfia serpentine and vomitoria, and an adrenergic uptake inhibitor with antihypertensive effects. Reserpine is lipid soluble and can penetrate blood-brain barrier. This agent binds and inhibits catecholamine pump on the storage vesicles in central and peripheral adrenergic neurons, thereby inhibiting the uptake of norepinephrine, dopamine serotonin into presynaptic storage vesicles. This results in catecholamines and serotonin lingering in the cytoplasm where they are destroyed by intraneuronal monoamine oxidase, thereby causing the depletion of catecholamine and serotonin stores in central and peripheral nerve terminals. Depletion results in a lack of active transmitter discharge from nerve endings upon nerve depolarization, and consequently leads to a decreased heart rate and decreased arterial blood pressure as well as sedative effects. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- residual effects
- resin canals
-
Tubular intercellular spaces lined with resin-secreting cells, common in the wood, bark, and leaves of many gymnosperms and some angiosperms. (source: NALT)
- Resorcinols
- Respiratory system
-
The organs involved in the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen including the trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, lungs, and alveoli. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Respiratory system agents
- Resseliella
- Restraint of animals
- Reticulitermes flavipes
- Retroviridae
-
A family of viruses that possess RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (reverse transcriptases) and contain two identical molecules of positive sense, single-stranded RNA of high molecular weight. This RNA serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA, which may be integrated into the host DNA. Virions are enveloped. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Rhabditidae
- Rhabdoviridae
- Rhagoletis pomonella
- Rhamnaceae
- Rhamnose
- rheas
- Rheiformes
- Rhinocyllus
- Rhinotermitidae
- Rhipicephalus sanguineus
- Rhizobiaceae
-
A taxonomic family of parasitic, soil borne bacterium in the phylum Proteobacteria that includes the genera Amorphomona, Agrobacterium and Rhizobium, among others. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Rhizobium
-
A genus of aerobic, Gram negative, rod and cocci shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria and the family Rhizobiaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Rhizobium leguminosarum
- Rhizoctonia
- Rhizoglyphus
- Rhizophagidae
- Rhizophoraceae
- Rhizophyllidaceae
- Rhodes grass
- Rhodiola
- Rhodococcus (homoptera)
- Rhodococcus equi
-
A species of aerobic, Gram positive, rod and cocci shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Actinobacteria. This species has a pink color, is urease positive and grows on glycerol. R. equi is a lung pathogen that can infect grazing animals and immunocompromised people. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Rhodococcus fascians
- Rhododendron
- Rhodomelaceae
- Rhodophyceae
- Rhodopseudomonas
- Rhodospirillum rubrum
- Rhopalidae
- Rhopalomyia
- Rhopalosiphum
- Rhopalosiphum maidis
- Rhopalosiphum padi
- Rhus
- Rhynchophorus
- Rhytismatales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Rhyzobius
- Rhyzopertha
- Ribes
- Ribes nigrum
- Ribonucleic acid
-
Single-stranded long chain of nucleotides containing ribose. It is the end product of DNA transcription by the enzyme RNA polymerase. It is essential in protein synthesis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ribonucleosides
- Ribose
- ribosomal RNA
-
An RNA molecule that does not contain protein-coding sequence information and constitutes the majority of the cellular RNA (~80%). This nucleic acid associates with multiple proteins to form ribosomes, which are the organelles that drive mRNA-directed protein synthesis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Rice soil
- Ricinus communis
- Rickets
-
A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. (source: NALT)
Bone softening and weakening usually caused by deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D. Deficiency of calcium, magnesium, or phosphorus may also cause rickets. It predominantly affects children who suffer from severe malnutrition. It manifests with bone pain, fractures, muscle weakness, and skeletal deformities. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Rickettsiales
- Ridge tillage
- Rift Valley fever virus
-
A mosquito-borne species of the Phlebovirus genus and member of the sandfly fever group viruses found in eastern, central, and southern Africa, producing massive hepatitis, abortion, and death in sheep, goats, cattle, and other animals. It also has caused disease in humans. (source: NALT)
- Rigidoporus
- Rinderpest
-
A viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals caused by Morbillivirus (Rinderpest virus). It may be acute, subacute, or chronic with the major lesions characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the entire digestive tract. (source: NALT)
- Ringworm
- Riptortus
- Riptortus clavatus
- Rivers
- Roadside soil
- Roasting
- Robinia
- Robinia pseudoacacia
- Rock phosphate
- Rodentia
- Rodenticides
-
Pesticides that are used for controlling mice and other rodents. (source: NALT)
- Rodents
- Rodolia
- Roes
-
The female germ cell (gamete). Use for the female germ cell; for eggs as embryonic structures USE eggs; for the group of eggs (ova) laid by a female in a single egg-laying event USE egg masses; for eggs as food USE egg products or one of its narrower terms. (source: NALT)
- Root vegetables
- Roots
- Rorippa
- Rosa canina
- Rosaceae
- Rosales
- Rosellinia
- Ross River virus
-
A species of enveloped, spherical viruses with a capsid with T=4 icosahedral symmetry in the Togaviridae family and Alphavirus genus. The genome is composed of monopartite, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA. Ross river viruses are found in both vertebrates and invertebrates, and cause Ross River Fever in humans. Ross river viruses are transmitted via the bite of infected mosquitoes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Rotavirus
-
A genus of double stranded RNA viruses that carry 11 unique double helix molecules of RNA that encode one or two proteins each. The RNA is surrounded by a three-layered icosahedral protein capsid. Viral particles are up to 76.5 nm in diameter and are not enveloped. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Rotifera
- Rous sarcoma virus
-
Group of alpharetroviruses (Alpharetrovirus) producing sarcoma and other tumors in chickens and other fowl, and also in pigeons, ducks, and rats. (source: NALT)
A species of single-stranded, reverse-transcribing RNA retrovirus of the genus alpharetrovirus and the family retroviridae. It is the first oncovirus described in the literature and was found to cause sarcoma in chickens. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Royal jelly
-
A honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of larvae and to stimulate development of adult queens. It contains B-complex vitamins such as pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), amino acids, minerals, enzymes, monosaccharides and 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA). Royal jelly has been shown to have antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
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- Rubiaceae
- Rubidium
-
An element with atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.468. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Rubus allegheniensis
- Rubus arcticus
- Rubus chamaemorus
- Rubus loganobaccus
- Rubus occidentalis
- Rudbeckia
- Rumen bacteria
- rumen fluid
- Rumex obtusifolius
- ruminants
-
Mammals that have four stomachs and even-toed hooves. (source: NALT)
- Rumination
- Ruminococcus
-
A genus of anaerobic, Gram positive, cocci shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Firmicutes and the family Ruminococcaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Runoff
-
The part of precipitation or irrigation water on land that has limited interaction with the landscape and ultimately reaches surface water, such as streams, ponds, impoundments, reservoirs, oceans, rivers, etc. (source: NALT)
- Russula
- Ruta graveolens
- Rutabagas
- Rutaceae
- Rutilus
- Sabal
- Saccharin
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
-
A species of unicellular fungus used as a research subject and in baking and beer brewing. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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Reference the NIH NCBI link
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- Saccharose
- Saccharum barberi
- Saccharum sinense
- Sacchiphantes
- safflower oil
-
An oil derived from the seed of the safflower, and chemically similar to sunflower oil. Two principal varieties differ in the type of fatty acids predominating the oil: those which are high in oleic acid, and those which are high in linoleic acid. The main uses of safflower oil are in cooking oils and in production of margarine and salad dressing. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
Reference USDA PLANTS link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Saffron
- Sagittaria
- Sago
-
A powdered starch derived from sago palms (and other tropical palm species) and used in foods and as textile stiffening. Sago starch is similar to tapioca. (source: NALT)
- Sahel
-
A dryland belt that stretches across Africa and is the transition zone between the Sahara Desert to the north and tropical forests to the south. (source: NALT)
- Saintpaulia ionantha
- Saissetia
- Saissetia oleae
- Salacca
- Salad dressings
- Salads
- Salicornia
- Salicylic acids
- Saline sodic soils
- Saline soils
-
A nonsodic soil containing sufficient soluble salt to adversely affect the growth of most crop plants with a lower limit of electrical conductivity of the saturated extract (ECe) being 4 deciSiemens / meter (dS/m), which is equivalent to a value of 4 mmhos/cm. (source: NALT)
- Saline water
- Salinomycin
- Saliva
-
The watery fluid in the mouth made by the salivary glands. Saliva moistens food to help digestion and it helps protect the mouth against infections. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Salivary glands
- Salix fragilis
- Salix nigra
- Salix viminalis
- Salmo salar
- Salmo trutta
- Salmonella choleraesuis
- Salmonella enteritidis
- Salmonella typhimurium
- Salmonellosis
-
Infections with bacteria of the genus Salmonella. (source: NALT)
- Salmonidae
- Salsola
- Salt tolerance
-
The ability of an organism to resist the adverse effects of excessive soluble salts in an environment. (source: NALT)
- Salting
-
To treat, preserve or season with common salt. (source: NALT)
- Salvadoraceae
- Salvelinus alpinus
- Salvelinus confluentus
- Salvelinus fontinalis
- Salvia miltiorrhiza
- Salvinia molesta
- Sambucus
- Samia cynthia
- Samson fish
- Santalaceae
- Santalales
- Santolina
- Sap
- Saperda
- Sapindaceae
- Sapindales
- Saponaria officinalis
- Saponification
- Saponification number
- Sapotaceae
- Saprolegniales
- Sarcina
- Sarcocystis
- Sarcoma
- Sarcomastigophora
- Sarcophaga
- Sarcophaga peregrina
- Sarcophagidae
- Sarcoptidae
- Sardina pilchardus
- Sardinella
- Sardines
- Sardinops
- Satiety
- Satsumas
- Saturated fatty acids
- Saturniidae
- Sauces
- Saururaceae
- Sausages
- Saxifragaceae
- Scabiosa
- Scaphoideus
- Scaphytopius
- scapula
-
The flat triangle-shaped bone that connects the humerus with the clavicle in the back of the shoulder. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Scarabaeidae
- Scathophagidae
- Scenedesmaceae
- Schefflera
- Schinus
- Schinus terebinthifolius
- Schistocerca
- Schistocerca americana
- Schistosomatidae
- Schizachyrium scoparium
- Schizaphis
- Schizolobium
- Schizophyllum
- Sciaenidae
- Sciaridae
- Scindapsus
- Sciomyzidae
- Scirpophaga
- Scirpus
- Scirrhia
- Scirtothrips citri
- Sclerophoma
- Scleroproteins
- Scolytids
- Scolytus
- Scomber scombrus
- Scopolamine
-
A tropane alkaloid derived from plants of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), specifically Hyoscyamus niger and Atropa belladonna, with anticholinergic, antiemetic and antivertigo properties. Structurally similar to acetylcholine, scopolamine antagonizes acetylcholine activity mediated by muscarinic receptors located on structures innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves as well as on smooth muscles that respond to acetylcholine but lack cholinergic innervation. The agent is used to cause mydriasis, cycloplegia, to control the secretion of saliva and gastric acid, to slow gut motility, and prevent vomiting. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Scorch
- Scorpaeniformes
- Scorpion flies
- Scorpiones
- Scorzonera
- Scrophulariaceae
- Scrubland soils
- Scymnus
- Scyphozoa
- Seafoods
-
Edible aquatic (freshwater or marine) organisms such as fish, shellfish, or seaweed that is used as food. (source: NALT)
- Seasonal development
- seasons
- Seaweed culture
-
The cultivation of macroalgae or seaweeds for food or other purposes. (source: NALT)
- Sebum
-
A thick, oily substance produced by the sebaceous glands located in the dermis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Sechium
- Sechium edule
- Secondary metabolites
-
Chemicals synthesized by organisms that do not appear to have a direct role in the organism’s growth. Many are used in foods, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial applications. (source: NALT)
- Secretion
- Sedum
- seed dispersal
- Seed dormancy
- Seed germination
- Seed mixtures
- Seed quality
- Seedbeds
- Seedlings
- Seeds
-
A plant structure that develops from an ovule and has as parts an embryo enclosed in a seed coat. Use for the botanical seed of a plant; For seed sold at market and intended to be used for planting USE planting seed. (source: NALT)
- Seiridium
- Seiridium cardinale
- Selenium
-
A nonmetallic chemical element found in trace amounts in human body. Selenium primarily occurs in vivo as selenocompounds, mostly selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase (enzymes responsible for detoxification). Alone or in combination with Vitamin E, selenocompounds act as antioxidants. These agents scavenge free radicals; prevent blood clots by inhibiting platelet aggregation; strengthen the immune system; and have been shown, in some instances, to inhibit chromosomal damage and mutations. Exhibiting chemopreventive activity, selenocompounds also inhibit the induction of protein kinase C. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Self pollination
- Selfing
- Semanotus
- semiarid soils
- Semiarid zones
-
Regions characterized by low and erratic rainfall, periods of drought, and where the prevalent vegetation is scattered short grasses, bunchgrasses or shrubs. (source: NALT)
- Semiochemicals
- Semliki Forest virus
- Semolina
- Sempervivum
- Senecio
- Senescence
-
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time. Use for all organisms. (source: NALT)
The process of growing old and showing the effects of time. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Senna alexandrina
- Senna obtusifolia
- Senna occidentalis
- Senna siamea
- Senna tora
- Sense organs
- Sensory receptors
- Sepiidae
- Sepsidae
- Septoria
- Serine
-
A non-essential amino acid in humans (synthesized by the body), Serine is present and functionally important in many proteins. With an alcohol group, serine is needed for the metabolism of fats, fatty acids, and cell membranes; muscle growth; and a healthy immune system. It also plays a major role in pyrimidine, purine, creatine, and porphyrin biosynthetic pathways. Serine is also found at the active site of the serine protease enzyme class that includes trypsin and chymotrypsin. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Serosa
-
A membrane lining the external walls of the body cavities and reflected over the surfaces of protruding organs. It consists of mesothelium lying on a connective tissue layer, and secretes a watery exudate. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Serotonin
-
A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid, l-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. (source: NALT)
- Serotypes
-
Subdivision of a species or subspecies distinguishable from other such strains on the basis of antigenicity. (source: NALT)
- Serpentes
- Serratula
- Serum albumin
- sesame oil
-
The edible oil extracted from the seeds of Sesamum indicum. Sesame oil is used as a cooking oil and as a food ingredient. It is also used as an ingredient in medicinal preparations. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Sesamia cretica
- Sesbania
- Sesbania bispinosa
- Sesiidae
- Sesquiterpenoids
-
Terpenoids having a C15 skeleton. (source: NALT)
- Setaria sphacelata
- Setosphaeria
- Sewage sludge
- Sex attractants
- sex chromosomes
- Sex hormones
-
Hormones having estrogenic or androgenic activity. (source: NALT)
- Sexual behaviour
- Sexual dimorphism
- Sexual maturity
- Sexually transmitted diseases
- Shade tolerance
- Shallots
-
A type of onion which is formed with a head made up of several cloves, resembling garlic. (source: NALT)
- Sharks
- She-oak
- Shellfish
-
Use for those aquatic invertebrate organisms that have a body enclosed in a firm, calcareous shell such as oysters and clams (Mollusca) or that have a body enclosed in a soft, thin shell such as lobsters and crabs (Crustacea). (source: NALT)
Any aquatic invertebrate animal having a shell and belonging to the phylum Mollusca, the class Crustacea (phylum Arthropoda), or the phylum Echinodermata. The term is often used for the edible species of the groups, especially those that are fished or raised commercially. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
- Shelling
- Shoots
- Shorea
- Shortening
- Shoulders
- Sialidae
- Siblings
- Siderophores
-
Microbial compounds that sequester and transport ferric iron. (source: NALT)
- Sika deer
- Silage effluents
- Silene
- Silicates
- Silk
- Silphidae
- Silphium
- Siluriformes
- Silvanidae
- Silybum
- Silybum marianum
- Silymarin
-
A mixture of flavonolignans isolated from the milk thistle plant Silybum marianum. Silymarin may act as an antioxidant, protecting hepatic cells from chemotherapy-related free radical damage. This agent may also promote the growth of new hepatic cells. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Simaroubaceae
- Simmondsia chinensis
- Simuliidae
- Simulium
- Sinapic acid
- Sinapis
- Sindbis virus
-
The type species of Alphavirus normally transmitted to birds by Culex mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. (source: NALT)
- Sinoxylon
- Sinuses
- Sipha
- Siphonaptera
- Sire evaluation
- Sirenia
- Sirococcus
- Sisal
- Sisymbrium
- Site preparation
- Sitobion
- Sitodiplosis
- Sitona
- Sitona hispidulus
- Sitophilus
- Sitophilus granarius
- Sitophilus oryzae
- Sitotroga cerealella
- Skeletal development
-
Gross development of bones from fetus to adult. (source: NALT)
- Skim milk
-
Milk from which sufficient cream has been removed to reduce its milk fat content to less than 0.5 % (usually less than 0.1%). (source: NALT)
- Skin
-
An organ that constitutes the external surface of the body. It consists of the epidermis, dermis, and skin appendages. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Skin diseases
- Skin temperature
- Skin tests
- Skull
-
The bones that form the head, made up of the bones of the braincase and face. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Slaughter weight
- sloe
- Slow release fertilizers
- small intestine
-
The section of the intestines between the pylorus and cecum. The small intestine is approximately 20 feet long and consists of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Its main function is to absorb nutrients from food as the food is transported to the large intestine. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- small ruminants
- Smicronyx
- Snack foods
-
Foods that are eaten during snacks; For small amount of food generally eaten between larger, more complete meals USE snacks. (source: NALT)
- snake bites
- Snakehead fish
- snakes
- Soaps
-
Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. (source: NALT)
- Soapwort
- Sobemoviruses
- Sodic soils
-
A nonsaline soil containing sufficient exchangeable sodium (Na) to adversely affect crop production and soil structure under most conditions of soil and plant type. The sodium adsorption ratio of the saturation extract (SARe) is at least 13. (source: NALT)
- Sodium
-
An element with atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Sodium azide
- Sodium bicarbonate
-
The monosodium salt of carbonic acid with alkalinizing and electrolyte replacement properties. Upon dissociation, sodium bicarbonate forms sodium and bicarbonate ions. Ion formation increases plasma bicarbonate and buffers excess hydrogen ion concentration, resulting in raised blood pH. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Sodium chlorate
- Sodium chloride
-
A metal halide composed of sodium and chloride with sodium and chloride replacement capabilities. When depleted in the body, sodium must be replaced in order to maintain intracellular osmolarity, nerve conduction, muscle contraction and normal renal function. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Soft cheese
- Soft corn
- Soft drinks
-
Non-alcoholic, usually cold, beverages; For carbonated soft drinks or sodas USE soft drinks AND carbonated beverages. (source: NALT)
- Sogatella
- soil air
- Soil analysis
- Soil biology
- soil chemistry
- Soil classification
- soil compaction
- Soil conservation
- Soil degradation
- Soil density
- soil erosion models
- Soil exhaustion
- soil fertility
- Soil horizons
- Soil hydraulic properties
- Soil management
- soil morphological features
- soil organic matter
- Soil pH
- Soil pollution
- Soil properties
- Soil respiration
- Soil sciences
- Soil separates
- soil sequences
- Soil sickness
- Soil strength
- Soil texture
- Soil toxicity
- soil treatment
- soil types
- Soil water
- Soil water content
- Soil water regimes
-
The presence or absence either of ground water or of plant available water (i.e., water held at a tension of less than 1500 kPa) in the soil or in specific horizons during periods of the year. A generally accepted classification of soil moisture regimes from wet to dry includes aquic, udic, ustic, aridic, and xeric. (source: NALT)
- Soko
- Solanaceae
- Solanales
- Solanum nigrum
- Solea solea
- Solenopsis richteri
- Solid wastes
- Solidago
- Solids
- Solieriaceae
- Solifugae
- solutions
- solvents
- Somatic cells
-
Cells of a plant or animal other than the germ cells. (source: NALT)
- Somatic embryos
- Somatotropin
-
A protein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland, which stimulates growth of muscle, bone and mammary development in young animals and increases milk production in lactating animals by making available nutrients for milk synthesis and secretion. (source: NALT)
- Sonchus
- Sophora
- Sorbic acid
- Sorbitol
-
A sugar alcohol found in fruits and plants with diuretic, laxative and cathartic property. Unabsorbed sorbitol retains water in the large intestine through osmotic pressure thereby stimulating peristalsis of the intestine and exerting its diuretic, laxative and cathartic effect. In addition, sorbitol has one-third fewer calories and 60 % the sweetening activity of sucrose and is used as a sugar replacement in diabetes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Sordariales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Sorghastrum nutans
- Sorghum bicolor
- Sorption
-
The process by which one material is taken up by another. (source: NALT)
- Soups
- soursop
- Sowing
- soybean oil
-
The edible oil extracted from the seeds of Glycine max. Soybean oil is used as a cooking oil and food ingredient. It is also used as an ingredient in inks and paints. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
Reference USDA PLANTS link
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- Sparidae
- Spathiphyllum
- Spawning
- Spear grass
- Spectinomycin
-
An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of gonorrhea. (source: NALT)
An aminocyclitol aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Streptomyces spectabilis with bacteriostatic activity. Spectinomycin binds to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit. As a result, this agent interferes with the initiation of protein synthesis and with proper protein elongation. This eventually leads to bacterial cell death. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Spectral analysis
- Sperm
- Spermatozoa
- Spermine
-
A polyamine that has a similar structure to tetradecane but the carbons at positions 1, 5, 10 and 14 are replaced by nitrogens. Spermine plays a broad role in cellular metabolic processes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Sphaceloma
- Sphaeroceridae
- Sphaeropsis
- Sphaerulina
- Sphecidae
- Sphenisciformes
- Sphenophorus
- Sphingidae
- Sphyraenidae
- Spices
- Spilanthes
- Spilosoma
- Spinacia
- Spinal cord
-
The elongated, approximately cylindrical part of the central nervous system of vertebrates that lies in the vertebral canal and from which the spinal nerves emerge. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Spiramycin
-
A macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. The drug is effective against gram-positive aerobic pathogens, N. gonorrhoeae, and staphylococci. It is used to treat infections caused by bacteria and Toxoplasma gondii. (source: NALT)
- Spirocercidae
- Spirochaetales
- Spirulina platensis
- Spleen
-
An organ that is part of the hematopoietic and immune systems. It is composed of the white pulp and the red pulp and is surrounded by a capsule. It is located in the left hypochondriac region. Its functions include lymphocyte production, blood cell storage, and blood cell destruction. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Spodoptera exigua
- Spodoptera littoralis
- Spodoptera litura
- Spodosols
- Spondias
- Spongipellis
- Spores
- Sprinkler irrigation
- Spumavirus
-
Genus of retroviruses which establish persistent, but non pathogenic infections in mammals and primates, including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, and cats. It is unique among retroviruses in having infectious particles that carry DNA rather than RNA. Similar to hepadnaviruses, spumaviruses bud from the endoplasmic reticulum instead of the plasma membrane. Infected cells accumulate vacuoles, giving them a foamy appearance and are often involved in syncytium formation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Squaliformes
- Squamata
- Squashes
- Stabilizers
- Stachys
- Stagonospora
- Stalls
- stamens
- Stand structure
- Staphylinidae
- Staphylococcus
-
A genus of nonmotile, nonspore-forming, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria containing Gram-positive, spherical cells, 0.5-1.5 microns in diameter, which divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Coagulase-positive strains produce a variety of toxins and are therefore potentially pathogenic and may cause food poisoning. They are found on the skin, in skin glands, on the nasal and other mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals, and in various food products. The type species is Staphylococcus aureus. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Staphylococcus epidermidis
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, cocci shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is positive for catalase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase and negative for coagulase and oxidase. It can ferment glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, glycerol, mannose, lactose, and turanose but not arabinose, mannitol, xylose, cellobiose, xylitol, rhamnose or trehalose. S. epidermidis is a commensal human skin organism and can be a human pathogen causing sepsis or endocarditis in patients with implants or immunocompromised individuals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Star fruit
- Starch
- Starch products
- starter cultures
- Stearin
- Stegobium
- Stellaria
- Stems
- Stenocarpella
- Stenocereus
- Stereum
- Sterigmatocystin
-
A carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by strains of the mold, Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus nidulans. (source: NALT)
- Sterilized milk
-
Milk that has been heated to a temperature and for a time that kills all bacteria and spores, giving it an extended shelf life. (source: NALT)
- Sternorrhyncha
- Sternum
-
The long, flat bone connecting with the cartilages of the first seven ribs and the clavicle. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Steroid hormones
- steroids
- Sterols
- Stethorus
- Stevia
- Stevia rebaudiana
- stevioside
- Stigmina
- Stilbenes
- Stilesia
- Stolbur phytoplasma
- Stomach
-
An organ located under the diaphragm, between the liver and the spleen as well as between the esophagus and the small intestine. The stomach is the primary organ of food digestion. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Stone fruits
- storage proteins
- Storms
- Strangles
- Stratiomyidae
- straw
- street foods
- Streptococcaceae
-
A taxonomic family of Gram positive bacterium in the phylum Firmicutes that includes the genera Lactococcus and Streptococcus, among others. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
-
A Gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic diplococcus aerotolerant anaerobe Streptococcus species. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Streptomyces griseus
-
A species of aerobic, Gram positive, filamentous bacteria in the phylum Actinobacteria. This species is spore forming, yellow to orange colored, elastase and hydrolase positive and produces streptomycin. S. griseus is not a known pathogen. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Streptomyces scabies
- Streptomycin
-
An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. (source: NALT)
An aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Streptomyces griseus with antibacterial activity. Streptomycin irreversibly binds to the 16S rRNA and S12 protein within the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit. As a result, this agent interferes with the assembly of initiation complex between mRNA and the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting the initiation of protein synthesis. In addition, streptomycin induces misreading of the mRNA template and causes translational frameshift, thereby results in premature termination. This eventually leads to bacterial cell death. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Striga asiatica
- Strigeidae
- Strigiformes
- Strip cropping
-
The growing of crops in a systematic arrangement of strips or bands which serve as vegetative barriers to wind and water erosion. The strips or bands may run perpendicular to the slope of the land or to the direction of prevailing winds. (source: NALT)
- stroke
-
A sudden, nonconvulsive loss of neurologic function due to an ischemic or hemorrhagic intracranial vascular event. In general, cerebrovascular accidents are classified by anatomic location in the brain, vascular distribution, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs nonhemorrhagic nature. (From Adams, et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810) (source: NALT)
- Strongylidae
- Strongyloididae
- Strontium
-
An element with atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Strophanthus
- Structural proteins
- Structural soil types
- Structure activity relationships
-
The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. (source: NALT)
- Struthioniformes
- stubble
- Stylidiaceae
- Stylosanthes hamata
- Styracaceae
- styrene
- Suaeda
- Subhumid zones
-
Regions where the climate is intermediate between semiarid and humid, and the precipitation supports dense growth of tall or short grasses, but not forests. (source: NALT)
- Subsoiling
- Subsurface drainage
- Subtropical soils
- Succinate dehydrogenase
-
Library of Congress sh85129592
A heterotetrameric enzyme complex found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This protein complex catalyzes the oxidation of succinate and reduction of ubiquinone and plays a role in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Succinic acid
- Suckling
- Sudan kharroub
- Sugar acids
- Sugar alcohols
- Sugarcane
- Sugars
- Suidae
-
Taxonomic family which includes the domestic pig Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Suillus
- Sulfadimethoxine
-
A long-acting sulfonamide antibiotic used in veterinary medicine. Sulfadimethoxine inhibits bacterial synthesis of folic acid by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) for the binding site on dihydropteroate synthase. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Sulfadoxine
-
A broad-spectrum sulfanilamide and a synthetic analog of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) with bacteriostatic and antimalarial properties. Sulfadoxine competes with PABA for the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthase, thereby preventing the incorporation of PABA into dihydrofolic acid, the immediate precursor of folic acid. This leads to an inhibition of parasitic folic acid synthesis and de novo synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, ultimately resulting in cell growth arrest and cell death. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Sulfamethoxazole
-
A sulfonamide bacteriostatic antibiotic that is most commonly used in combination with trimethoprim as the drug Bactrim. Sulfamethoxazole competitively inhibits dihydropteroate synthase preventing the formation of dihydropteroic acid, a precursor of folic acid which is required for bacterial growth. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Sulfapyridine
-
A short-acting sulfonamide antibiotic and by-product of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug sulfasalazine. Its manufacture and use were discontinued in 1990. Source: NCI thesaurus link
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- Sulfaquinoxaline
-
A sulfonamide antibiotic used in veterinary medicine and in the meat and poultry industries. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Sulfathiazole
-
A short-acting sulfonamide antibiotic. Its use has been largely replaced with less toxic alternatives but is still used in combination with sulfacetamide and sulfabenzamide for the treatment of vaginal infections and for disinfecting home aquariums. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- sunflower oil
-
Pressed from sunflower seeds (Helianthus annus), Sunflower Oil has a high content of beneficial monounsaturated fats, and antioxidant vitamins E and F, as well as triglycerides and linoleic acids. Used mainly in cooking today, sunflower oil has been used for medicines and in cosmetics. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Supella
- Supella longipalpa
- Superovulation
- Superoxide dismutase
-
Proteins that protect cells against elevated levels of superoxide a reactive oxygen species. These antioxidant enzymes catalyze the formation of molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide from the superoxide anion. They are also potential therapeutic agents in diseases related to oxidative stress and in the regulation of the aging process. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Suramin
-
A polysulphonated naphthylurea with potential antineoplastic activity. Suramin blocks the binding of various growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), to their receptors, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation and migration. This agent also inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)- and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced angiogenesis; retroviral reverse transcriptase; uncoupling of G-proteins from receptors; topoisomerases; cellular folate transport; and steroidogenesis. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
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- Surface drainage
- Surface tension
-
The stretching force required to form a liquid film; the force tends to minimize the area of the surface. (source: NALT)
- Surfactants
- Surinam grass
- Swamp soils
- Sweat
-
The liquid secreted by the sweat glands, having a salty taste and a pH that varies from 4.5 to 7.5. Sweat produced by the eccrine sweat glands is clear with a faint characteristic odor, and contains water, sodium chloride, and traces of albumin, urea, and other compounds. Its composition varies with many factors, e.g., fluid intake, external temperature and humidity, and some hormonal activity. Sweat produced by the larger, deeper, apocrine sweat glands of the axillae contains, in addition, organic material which on bacterial decomposition produces an offensive odor. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Sweet peppers
- Sweeteners
-
Substances that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc., such as sugar, saccharine or other low-calorie synthetic products. (source: NALT)
- Swine
- Swine dysentery
- Swine erysipelas
-
An acute and chronic contagious disease of young pigs caused by Erysipelothrix insidiosa (syn. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae). (source: NALT)
- Sydowia
- Symbiosis
- Sympatholytics
- Sympathomimetics
-
Drugs that mimic the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters. (source: NALT)
- Symphytum
- Symplocaceae
- Symptomatic anthrax
-
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria Bacillus anthracis. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. (source: NALT)
- Synchytrium
- Synechocystis
- synergism
- Syngamidae
- Synovial fluid
-
A viscid fluid secreted by the synovial membrane, serving as a lubricant. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Synthetic hormones
-
Synthetic chemical compounds which mimic the activity of endogenous hormones produced in the body, but which differ in structure from naturally occurring hormones. (source: NALT)
- Syrphidae
- Systena
- Syzygium aromaticum
- T-lymphocytes
- Tabanidae
- Tabebuia
- Tabernaemontana
- Tachinidae
- Taenia crassiceps
- Taenia hydatigena
- Taenia multiceps
- Taenia ovis
- Taenia pisiformis
- Taenia saginata
- Taenia solium
- Taenia taeniaeformis
- Taeniidae
- Tagetes
- Tagetes erecta
- Tagosodes
- Tail
-
The flexible prolongated structure of the posterior part of an animal’s body. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- tamalan
- Tamarindus
- Tamarix
- Tanacetum
- Tanacetum parthenium
- Tangelos
-
Library of Congress sh85132266
Fruit of the hybrid of the grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) and tangerine (Citrus reticulata). (source: NALT)
- Tangerines
- Tangors
-
Fruits of the hybrid of the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata). (source: NALT)
- Tanning agents
- Taphrina deformans
- Taphrinales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Tapioca
- Taraxacum
- Taraxacum officinale
- Taro
- Tartaric acid
-
A white crystalline dicarboxylic acid found in many plants, particularly tamarinds and grapes. Tartaric acid is used to generate carbon dioxide through interaction with sodium bicarbonate following oral administration. Carbon dioxide extends the stomach and provides a negative contrast medium during double contrast radiography. In high doses, this agent acts as a muscle toxin by inhibiting the production of malic acid, which could cause paralysis and maybe death. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Tattooing
- Taxaceae
- Taxodiaceae
- taxonomy
-
The theories and techniques of naming, describing, and classifying organisms, and the study of the relationships of taxa. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Taxus
- Taylorella
- Taylorella equigenitalis
- Tears
- Tebuconazole
- Tecoma
- Teeth
- Teflubenzuron
- Telfairia
- Temperate zones
- Temperature
-
A measure of the average kinetic energy of a system of particles. Temperature may be quantified, in the context of thermodynamics, as the potential of one system to transfer thermal energy to another system until both systems reach a state of thermal equilibrium. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Tendons
-
Fibrous bands or cords of connective tissue at the ends of muscle fibers that serve to attach the muscles to bones and other structures. (source: NALT)
- Tenebrionidae
- Tenthredinidae
- Tenuazonic acid
-
3-Acetyl-5-sec-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one. A metabolite found in a strain of the fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct. which functions as an antibiotic with antiviral and antineoplastic properties, and may also act as a mycotoxin. (source: NALT)
- Tenuipalpidae
- Tenuiviruses
- Tephritidae
- Terapontidae
- Teratogenicity
-
Having the capability of causing malformations, abnormalities or other physical defects in the developing embryo and fetus. (source: NALT)
- Terminalia
- Termitidae
- Termitomyces
- Termopsidae
- Terpenoids
-
Natural products and related compounds formally derived from isoprene units. They contain oxygen in various functional groups. (source: NALT)
- Testosterone
- Testudines
- Tetanus
-
Library of Congress sh85134166
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. (source: NALT)
A serious infectious disorder that follows wound contamination by the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium tetani. The bacteria produce a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin, which causes muscle spasm in the jaw and other anatomic sites. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Tetracyclines
-
Closely congeneric derivatives of the polycyclic naphthacenecarboxamide. (source: NALT)
- Tetragnathidae
- Tetrahymena
- Tetrameridae
- Tetramisole
- Tetranychidae
- Tetranychus cinnabarinus
- Tetraodontiformes
- Tettigoniidae
- Textural soil types
- Texture
-
A measure of the variation of the intensity of a surface, quantifying properties such as smoothness, coarseness, regularity, and resiliency. The term is often used as a descriptor for the structure or organization of a tissue or organ. The three principal approaches used to describe texture are statistical, structural and spectral. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Thalassiosiraceae
- Thanasimus
- Thanatephorus
- Thanatephorus cucumeris
- Theaceae
- Thecodiplosis
- Thelaziidae
- Thelephora
- Theobroma cacao
- theobromine
- Theragra chalcogramma
- Theridiidae
- Therioaphis
- thermal degradation
- Thermoactinomyces
- thermoregulation
- Thiabendazole
-
A benzimidazole derivative with anthelminthic property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, thiabendazole inhibits the helminth-specific mitochondrial enzyme fumarate reductase, thereby inhibiting the citric acid cycle, mitochondrial respiration and subsequent production of ATP, ultimately leading to helminth’s death. In addition, it has been suggested that thiabendazole may lead to inhibition of microtubule polymerization by binding to beta-tubulin and has an overt ovicidal effect with regard to some trichostrongylids. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Thiamin
- Thiaminase
- Thielaviopsis basicola
- Thiobencarb
- Thiocyanates
- Thiofanox
- Thiols
- Thiopental
- Thiophanate-methyl
- Thirst
- Thlaspi
- Thoracic cavity
-
The cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Thorax
-
The division of the body lying between the neck and the abdomen. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Thorns
- Threonine
-
An essential amino acid in humans (provided by food), Threonine is an important residue of many proteins, such as tooth enamel, collagen, and elastin. An important amino acid for the nervous system, threonine also plays an important role in porphyrin and fat metabolism and prevents fat buildup in the liver. Useful with intestinal disorders and indigestion, threonine has also been used to alleviate anxiety and mild depression. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Thripidae
- Thuja
- Thuja occidentalis
- Thunnus alalunga
- Thunnus thynnus
- Thuringiensin
- thylakoids
-
Library of Congress sh89001418
Membranous cisternae of the chloroplast containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. (source: NALT)
- Thymelaeaceae
- Thymidine
-
A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the pyrimidine base thymine attached to the sugar deoxyribose. As a constituent of DNA, thymidine pairs with adenine in the DNA double helix. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Thyroid hormones
- Thyrotropin
- Thyroxine
-
A hormone synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland containing four iodine atoms and is converted to triiodothyronine (T3) in the body, influencing metabolism and organ function. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Thysaniezia
- Thysanoptera
- Thysanura
- Tiamulin
- tick clover
- Tile drainage
- Tillage
- Tillandsia
- Tinca
- Tineidae
- Tingidae
- Tipulidae
- Tissue analysis
- Tithonia
- Toads
- Tobacco
-
Library of Congress sh85135709
The dried cured leaves of the tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum, used for smoking, chewing, or snuff. Tobacco contains nicotine, a stimulant, and other biologically active ingredients having carcinogenic properties. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
Reference USDA PLANTS link
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- Tobamoviruses
- Tocopherols
- Tofu
- Togaviridae
-
A family of positive sense single-stranded RNA enveloped viruses that form spherical particles with an icosahedral capsid. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Toluene
- Tombusviruses
- Tomicus
- Tomicus piniperda
- Tonsils
- Tooth diseases
- Topography
-
The description of an anatomical region or of a body part. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Tortricidae
- Torulopsis glabrata
- Totipotency
- Toxascaris
- toxic substances
- toxicity
-
The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Toxins
-
Poisons produced by certain microorganisms, plants or animals that are often proteins. (source: NALT)
- Toxocara
- Toxoplasma
-
A genus of protozoa that is parasitic in humans, other mammals, and some birds. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Toxoplasmosis
-
Library of Congress sh85136339
A parasitic disease contracted by the ingestion or fetal transmission of toxoplasma gondii. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Toxoptera
- Toxoptera aurantii
- Toxoptera citricidus
- Toxorhynchites
- Trace elements
-
Elements occurring in minute quantities in nature; For those nutrients required in minute quantities in animal and human nutrition USE dietary minerals; For those nutrients required in minute quantities in plants USE plant micronutrients. (source: NALT)
- Trachichthyidae
- Trachinotus
- Trachurus
- Trachycarpus
- Tradescantia
- traditional medicines
-
Systems of medicine based on cultural beliefs and practices handed down from generation to generation. The concept includes mystical and magical rituals (spiritual therapies); phytotherapy; and other treatments which may not be explained by modern medicine. (source: NALT)
- Tragopogon
- Trametes
- Transamination
- Transcription factors
-
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. (source: NALT)
- Transferases
- Transferrins
-
Serum beta-globulin that binds and transports iron. (source: NALT)
- Transgenic animals
- Transition elements
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus
-
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus is no longer valid in the Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Used for indexing only. (source: NALT)
- transposons
-
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom. (source: NALT)
- Trap crops
- trapping
- Trechus
- Tree classes
- trees
- Trehalase
- Trehalose
- Trematoda
- Tremellales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Trenbolone
- Triacylglycerol lipase
- Triadimefon
- Triadimenol
- Trialeurodes
- Triallate
- Trianthema
- Triazines
- Tribolium confusum
- Tributyrin
-
A triglyceride prodrug of butyric acid with potential antineoplastic activity. Butyrate, the active metabolite of tributyrin, inhibits histone deacetylase, resulting in increased differentiation, decreased proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in some tumor cell lines. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Tricarboxylic acid cycle
- Trichinellidae
- Trichlorfon
- Trichodina
- Trichogaster
- Tricholoma
- Trichophyton
- Trichoplusia ni
- Trichoptera
- Trichosanthes
- Trichosirocalus
- Trichosirocalus horridus
- Trichostrongylidae
- Trichothecenes
- Trichuridae
- Tridax
- Tridax procumbens
- Triflumuron
- Trifolium alexandrinum
- Trifolium hybridum
- Trifolium incarnatum
- Trifolium pratense
- Trifolium repens
- Trifolium subterraneum
- Trifolium vesiculosum
- Trigona
- Trimethoprim
-
A synthetic derivative of trimethoxybenzyl-pyrimidine with antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties. As a pyrimidine inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, trimethoprim binds tightly to the bacterial enzyme, blocking the production of tetrahydrofolic acid from dihydrofolic acid. The antibacterial activity of this agent is potentiated by sulfonamides. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- trinitrotoluene
- Trioses
- Trioxys
- Tripsacum dactyloides
- Trissolcus
- Triterpenoids
-
Terpenoids having a C30 skeleton. (source: NALT)
- Trogoderma
- Trogossitidae
- Trombiculidae
- Tropical soils
- Tropisms
-
Movement that is inducible and takes place in a direction related to that of the stimulus, such as the movement of leaves toward light in positive phototropism or away from light in negative phototropism. Use for movement in plants and other non-mobile organisms; For orientation movement of animals and other organisms with mobility (e.g. flagella, motile cilia, appendages) in response to a stimulus USE taxis (physiology). (source: NALT)
- True aloe
- true cedar
- Trypanosoma cruzi
- Trypanosoma equiperdum
- Trypanosoma gambiense
- Trypanosoma rhodesiense
- Trypanosomiasis
- Trypsin
- Trypsin inhibitors
- Tryptamines
- Tryptophan
-
The least plentiful of all 22 amino acids and an essential amino acid in humans (provided by food), Tryptophan is found in most proteins and a precursor of serotonin. Tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-HTP), converted in turn to serotonin, a neurotransmitter essential in regulating appetite, sleep, mood, and pain. Tryptophan is a natural sedative and present in dairy products, meats, brown rice, fish, and soybeans. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Tsuga canadensis
- tsunamis
- Tuberculin
-
Extracts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are used in skin testing to identify individuals who have a latent or active tuberculosis infection. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Tuberculosis
-
Library of Congress sh85138408
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. (source: NALT)
A chronic, recurrent infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) may affect almost any tissue or organ of the body with the lungs being the most common site of infection. The clinical stages of TB are primary or initial infection, latent or dormant infection, and recrudescent or adult-type TB. Ninety to 95% of primary TB infections may go unrecognized. Histopathologically, tissue lesions consist of granulomas which usually undergo central caseation necrosis. Local symptoms of TB vary according to the part affected; acute symptoms include hectic fever, sweats, and emaciation; serious complications include granulomatous erosion of pulmonary bronchi associated with hemoptysis. If untreated, progressive TB may be associated with a high degree of mortality. This infection is frequently observed in immunocompromised individuals with AIDS or a history of illicit IV drug use. –2004 Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Tubificidae
- Tudy
- tularemia
-
A serious Gram-negative bacterial infection caused by Francisella tularensis. It is transmitted to humans through bites from infected insects, inhaling airborne bacteria, handling infected animals, or consuming contaminated food or water. Signs and symptoms include skin ulcers, mouth sores, lymphadenopathy, sore throat, fever and pneumonia. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Tulasnellales
- Tundra
-
Arctic or subarctic regions where tree growth is limited due to low temperatures, the short growing season, and the permanently frozen subsoil. Dominant vegetation consists of grasses, sedges, mosses, lichens, and dwarf shrubs and trees. (source: NALT)
- tung oil
- Turmeric
- turnips
- Tursiops
- Turtles
- Tychius
- Tylenchorhynchus
- Tymoviruses
- Typhlocyba
- Typhula
- Tyramine
- Tyrophagus
- Tyrosine
-
The levorotatory isomer of the aromatic amino acid tyrosine. L-tyrosine is a naturally occurring tyrosine and is synthesized in vivo from L-phenylalanine. It is considered a non-essential amino acid; however, in patients with phenylketonuria who lack phenylalanine hydroxylase and cannot convert phenylalanine into tyrosine, it is considered an essential nutrient. In vivo, tyrosine plays a role in protein synthesis and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of catecholamines, thyroxine, and melanin. Source: NCI thesaurus link
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- Udders
- Udoteaceae
- Ullucus
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus americana
- Ulmus parvifolia
- Ulvaceae
- Ulvales
- Umbelliferae
- Unaspis
- Unaspis yanonensis
- Uncinaria
- Ungulates
- Unionidae
- Unsaturated fatty acids
- Uranium
-
A radioactive element with atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Uranotaenia
- urban areas
- Urea
- Urease
- Uredinales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Uric acid
-
A white tasteless odorless crystalline product of protein metabolism, found in the blood and urine, as well as trace amounts found in the various organs of the body. It can build up and form stones or crystals in various disease states. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Urinary tract
- Urinary tract diseases
- Urocyon
- Uroleucon
- Ursidae
- Urticaceae
- Ustilaginales
-
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Utetheisa
- Vaccination
-
Library of Congress sh85141709
Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host’s immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. (source: NALT)
Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host’s immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis or treatment. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Vaccine adjuvants
-
The component of a vaccine which stimulates immunoreactivity against the antigen in the vaccine. The choice of adjuvant may relate to the therapeutic efficacy of the vaccine. (source: NALT)
- Vaccines
- Vaccinium
- Vaccinium macrocarpon
- Vaccinium myrtillus
- Vaccinium uliginosum
- Vaccinium vitis idaea
- Valeriana officinalis
-
A plant, the root of which is used to derive an herbal medicinal preparation with antianxiety and hypnotic activities. Valerian root contains volatile oils (sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes), valepotriates, alkaloids and lignans. This agent may inhibit the uptake and stimulate the release of [3H]GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), resulting in decreased central nervous system activity. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
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- Valerianaceae
- Valerianella locusta
- Valine
-
An aliphatic and extremely hydrophobic essential amino acid in humans related to leucine, Valine is found in many proteins, mostly in the interior of globular proteins helping to determine three-dimensional structure. A glycogenic amino acid, valine maintains mental vigor, muscle coordination, and emotional calm. Valine is obtained from soy, cheese, fish, meats and vegetables. Valine supplements are used for muscle growth, tissue repair, and energy. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
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- Valleys
- Valsa
- Vanillin
- Varieties
- Variety trials
- Vascular bundles
- Vascular diseases
- Vasopressin
-
Antidiuretic hormones released by the neurohypophysis of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and osmolarity. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the kidney collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure. (source: NALT)
This protein is processed from a precursor protein consisting of arginine vasopressin and two associated proteins, neurophysin II and a glycopeptide, copeptin. Arginine vasopressin is a posterior pituitary hormone which is synthesized in the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Along with its carrier protein, neurophysin II, it is packaged into neurosecretory vesicles and transported axonally to the nerve endings in the neurohypophysis where it is either stored or secreted into the bloodstream. It has a direct antidiuretic action on the kidney, and also causes vasoconstriction of the peripheral vessels. This hormone can contract smooth muscle during parturition and lactation. It is also involved in cognition, tolerance, adaptation and complex sexual and maternal behaviour, as well as in the regulation of water excretion and cardiovascular functions. (LocusLink) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- vasotocin
- Vateria
- Veal
- Vegetable crops
- Vegetable juices
- Vegetable legumes
- Vegetable products
- Vegetable pulps
- Vegetables
-
Any part of a plant that is commonly eaten by humans as food, but is not considered to be a culinary fruit, nut, herb, spice or grain. (source: NALT)
- vegetation
- Vegetative propagation
- Veliidae
- Veneridae
- Venoms
- Venturia (hymenoptera)
- Venturia inaequalis
- Verapamil
-
A phenylalkylamine calcium channel blocking agent. Verapamil inhibits the transmembrane influx of extracellular calcium ions into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells, causing dilatation of the main coronary and systemic arteries and decreasing myocardial contractility. This agent also inhibits the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein which is overexpressed in some multi-drug resistant tumors and may improve the efficacy of some antineoplastic agents. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Verbenaceae
- Vermicomposting
- Vermiculites
- Vermiculture
- Vernolate
- Vernonia
- vertebrates
- Vertisols
- Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae
- Vesicular exanthema of swine virus
- Vesiculovirus
- Vespidae
- Vespula germanica
- Vespula maculifrons
- Veterinary medicine
-
The diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries of companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife and production animals. (source: NALT)
The practice of medicine as applied to non-human animals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Viability
-
The ability of a cell, organism, spore, seed or other living thing to survive and continue its life processes. (source: NALT)
- Vibrio anguillarum
- Vibrio cholerae
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, curved rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile, oxidase and lipase positive, can use a wide variety of sugars as carbon sources, does not require salt for growth, and produces cholera toxin. V. cholerae is the causative agent of cholera. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, curved rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile, oxidase and lysine decarboxylase positive, hemolytic, halophilic and can use a wide variety of sugars as carbon sources. V. parahaemolyticus is a marine organism and a pathogen that causes gastroenteritis and wound infections. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Vibrio vulnificus
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, curved rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile, oxidase positive, hemolytic, halophilic, and can produce acid from arbutin but not from sucrose. V. vulnificus is a marine organism and a pathogen that causes wound infections and septicemia and has a higher rate of mortality than infections caused by other Vibrio species. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Viburnum
- Vices
- Vigna mungo
- Vigna subterranea
- Vinclozolin
- Vineyards
- Violales
- Viperidae
- Virgin soils
- Virginiamycin
-
A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, virginiamycin factor M1 and virginiamycin factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry. (source: NALT)
A class of streptogramin-related depsipeptides isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces virginiae and other Streptomyces bacterial species. The virginiamycins consist of two major components, virginiamycin M1 and virginiamycin S1. These agents bind to and inhibit ribosome assembly, thereby preventing protein synthesis. Active against Gram-positive bacteria, these antibiotics are primarily used in veterinary practice. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Viroids
-
A group of pathogens comprising the smallest known agents of infectious disease. They are unencapsulated and are capable of replicating autonomously in susceptible cells. Positively identified viroids composed of single-stranded RNA have been isolated from higher plants, but the existence of DNA viroids pathogenic to animals is suspected. (source: NALT)
- viruses
-
Includes common types of viruses; for taxonomic classification SEE Viruses and Viroids. (source: NALT)
- Vision disorders
- Vitamin B12
-
An essential nutrient and natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with an intrinsic factor for absorption by the intestine, Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using Google link
Rotate the 3-D representation
Look-up synonyms
Look-up using CAS number link
- Vitamin content
- Vitamin D
-
A family of lipo-soluble steroids important to the absorption, metabolism, and function of calcium and phosphorus and the growth and development of bone and tooth enamel. Found naturally in animal tissues, cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is formed in the skin when ultraviolet light activates cholesterol conversion into vitamin D3. Ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol (plant vitamin D) forms ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Vitamins
- Viverridae
- Vocalization
-
Use for sounds from animals; For human vocalization USE speech. (source: NALT)
- Vodka
- volatile compounds
- Voles
- Volvariella
- Volvocales
- Vomiting
-
Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach through the mouth. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Vriesea
- Vulpes
- Warfarin
-
A synthetic anticoagulant. Warfarin inhibits the regeneration of vitamin K1 epoxide and so the synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors, which include Factors II, VII, IX and X, and the anticoagulant proteins C and S. This inhibition results in a sequential depression of Factors VII, IX, X and II activities. Vitamin K is an essential cofactor for the post ribosomal synthesis of the vitamin K dependent clotting factors. The vitamin promotes the biosynthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in these proteins which are essential for biological activity. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Washingtonia
- Waste disposal
- Waste incineration
- Waste management
- Waste treatment
- Waste utilization
- Wastewater
- Wastewater treatment
- water
-
H2O, a clear, colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using Google link
Rotate the 3-D representation
Look-up synonyms
Look-up using CAS number link
- Water analysis
- Water currents
- water deprivation
- Water erosion
- Water pollution
- Water quality
- Water resources
- water supply
-
Use for the water that is available for use to a landowner, community or region through a water collection, storage, treatment and distribution system; for the measurement of the volume of water in a hydrological system USE water quantity. (source: NALT)
- Waterborne diseases
- waterfowl
-
Aquatic wild game birds including ducks and geese. (source: NALT)
- Watermelons
- Watersheds
-
Library of Congress sh85145749
The land area that drains water to a particular stream, river, or lake. It is a land feature that can be identified by tracing a line along the highest elevations between two areas on a map, often a ridge. (source: NALT)
- Weaning
-
The substitution of solid food for maternal milk or milk substitutes in the diet of a child or young mammal. (source: NALT)
- Weaning weight
- Weather
- Weed control
- Weeds
- Weigela
- weight gain
-
The amount of desired or undesired body weight increase; for body weight increase in livestock performance and production USE liveweight gain; to describe the need to increase body weight in order to achieve good nutritional/health status USE gaining weight. (source: NALT)
An increase in total body weight. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Wetland soils
- Wetlands
-
An area that is saturated by surface or ground water with vegetation adapted for life under those soil conditions. (source: NALT)
- whales
- Whey protein
-
The glutathione (GSH) antioxidant system is foremost among the cellular protective mechanisms. Depletion of this small tripeptide molecule is a common consequence of increased formation of reactive oxygen species during increased cellular activities and oxygen radical generation is frequently a critical step in carcinogenesis. Cysteine is the crucial limiting amino acid for intracellular GSH synthesis. Whey protein concentrate represents an effective and safe cysteine donor for GSH replenishment during GSH depletion in immune deficiency states. Animal experiments have shown that the concentrates of whey proteins increase GSH concentration in relevant tissues and may have anti-tumor effect on low volume of tumor via stimulation of immunity through the GSH pathway. (from PMID 11205219) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Whole milk
- wild animals
- Wildebeest
- Wildlife
- Wilting
-
Use for the physical drooping appearance of plants; for the plant disease of the vascular system caused by plant pathogenic agents USE vascular wilt. (source: NALT)
- Wind resistance
- Wind speed
- Windbreaks
- Winemaking
- Wines
-
All alcoholic beverages made from the fermentation of grape juice, other fruits or vegetative parts. Wine may be sparkling or carbonated, made from condensed grape must, made from agricultural products other than the juice of grapes, and includes products sold as wine such as imitation wine, cider and sake. (source: NALT)
- Wings
- Winter hardiness
- Winter squashes
-
Any of various hard-shelled squashes that can be stored for several months. (source: NALT)
- Withania somnifera
- wolves
- Wood
-
The hard, fibrous substance composing most of the stem and branches of a tree or shrub, and lying beneath the bark; the xylem. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- wood preservatives
- Wood products
- Wood pulp
- Wood residues
- Wool
- Wool production
- working animals
- Wuchereria bancrofti
- Wyeomyia
- Xanthine alkaloids
- Xanthine dehydrogenase
-
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase (1333 aa, ~146 kDa) is encoded by the human XDH gene. This protein is involved in purine degradation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Xanthine oxidase
- Xanthium
- Xanthomonas albilineans
- Xanthomonas campestris
- Xanthomonas populi
- Xanthophylls
- Xanthosoma
- Xenobiotics
-
Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. (source: NALT)
- Xenorhabdus nematophilus
- Xerophytes
-
Plants that have adapted for life with a limited supply of water. (source: NALT)
- Xestia
- Xylazine
- Xyleborus
- Xylella fastidiosa
- Xylene
- Xylocopa
- Xylocoris
- Xylotrechus
- Yaks
- Yams
-
Yams in the U.S. are actually sweet potatoes. USDA requires that the label “yam” always be accompanied by “sweetpotato” for this reason. True yams are Dioscorea species. Use for the dry, starchy tubers of Dioscorea species which are not usually produced in the U.S.; For the moist, sweet orange varieties of Ipomoea batatas grown in the U.S. USE sweet potatoes. (source: NALT)
- Yeasts
-
A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers’ and bakers’ yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (source: NALT)
- Yersinia enterocolitica
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile, positive for urease, and ornithine decarboxylase, and negative for oxidase, and citrate. It is able to ferment cellobiose, sucrose, and sorbose but not raffinose, melibiose, or rhamnose. Y. enterocolitica is commensal and a pathogen that causes Yersiniosis, which infects children that have ingested contaminated meat or milk. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Yersinia pestis
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile, positive for coagulase and fibrinolysin and negative for urease, indole, ornithine decarboxylase, oxidase, and pyrazinamidase. Some strains are able to ferment melibiose but none can metabolize sorbose, rhamnose, cellobiose, sucrose, or sorbitol. Y. pestis is found in rodents and fleas and is a pathogen that can cause pneumonic, septicemic and bubonic plague types in humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
-
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile, urease positive and negative for ornithine decarboxylase, oxidase, indole, and pyrazinamidase. It is able to ferment rhamnose, and melibiose but not cellobiose, sorbitol, sorbose, sucrose, fucose, or raffinose. Y. pseudotuberculosis is found in many animal hosts and is a pathogen that can cause gastroenteritis in humans and many types of zoonotic infections. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Yield components
-
Plant parts contributing to yield based on their number, size and weight. (source: NALT)
- Young animals
- Yucca
- Zabrotes
- Zabrus
- Zamiaceae
- Zea diploperennis
- Zea mays
- Zeatin
- zeaxanthin
- Zebu cattle
- Zeuzera
- Zineb
- Zingiber officinale
-
The common cooking ginger, an herbaceous perennial with upright stems and narrow medium green leaves arranged in two ranks on each stem. Ginger grows from an aromatic tuberlike rhizome (underground stem) which is warty and branched. Ginger root is widely used around the world as a spice or food additive. It has been used in Asia for thousands of years for relief from arthritis, rheumatism, sprains, muscular aches and pains, catarrh, congestion, coughs, sinusitis, sore throats, diarrhea, colic, cramps, indigestion, loss of appetite, motion sickness, fever, flu, chills, and infectious disease. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
Reference USDA PLANTS link
- Zingiberaceae
- Zingiberales
- Zinnia
- Zizania aquatica
- Zonocerus
- Zoo animals
- Zoology
-
The branch of biology dealing with the study of animals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Zoonoses
-
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to humans or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals. (source: NALT)
- Zoos
- Zygina
- Zygophyllaceae
- Zygoptera
- Zymomonas mobilis
#233; Truhaut. The science of poisons and toxic substances occurring in the environment and their effects. Can be further expanded as the science of predicting effects of potentially toxic agents on natural ecosystems and nontarget species. (source: NALT)
- fire ecology
- forest ecology
- Toxicology
Toxicology is the branch of pharmacology that deals with the nature and effects and treatments of poisons. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ectomycorrhizae
- Mycorrhizae
- Ectomyelois
- Ectromelia virus
- Edaphic factors
A condition of the soil, whether physical, biological or chemical, that influences the organisms and processes that occur in the soil. (source: NALT)
- Edgeworthia
- Edible fungi
- Poisonous fungi
- Transgenic plants
- Edovum
- Edovum puttleri
- Effluents
Any liquid waste or byproduct that enters the environment from a point source. (source: NALT)
- Egg membranes
- egg shell
Use for the shell of reptiles, birds, or monotreme eggs; for the outermost covering of other eggs USE chorion. (source: NALT)
- Egg yolk
- Egg drop syndrome
- egg hatchability
- Egg production
- Leucinodes orbonalis
- Solanum melongena
- Sesbania sesban
- Ehrlichia canis
- Heartwater
A tick-borne septicemic disease of ruminants caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium of the family Rickettsiaceae. (source: NALT)
- Eichhornia
- Pontederiaceae
- Eichhornia crassipes
- Eicosanoids
- Leukotrienes
- Eicosapentaenoic acid
An essential, polyunsaturated, 20-carbon omega-3 fatty acid with anti-inflammatory and potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) may activate caspase 3, resulting in apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations. In addition, this agent may inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), resulting in inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and prostaglandin-mediated inflammatory processes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Eimeria acervulina
- Eimeria adenoeides
- Eimeria bovis
- Eimeria brunetti
- Eimeria maxima
- Eimeria meleagrimitis
- Eimeria necatrix
- Eimeria tenella
- Eimeria zuernii
- Elaeagnaceae
- Proteales
- Elaeagnus
- Hippophae
- Shepherdia
- Elaeagnus angustifolia
- Elaeis guineensis
- trans fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids that contain at least one double bond in the trans configuration, which results in a greater bond angle than the cis configuration. This results in a more extended fatty acid chain similar to saturated fatty acids, with closer packing and reduced fluidity. hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids increases the trans content. (source: NALT)
- Elaphostrongylus
- Elasmolomus
- Elasmopalpus
- Elasmopalpus lignosellus
- Mechanical properties
- Limonius
- Elatinaceae
- Eldana
- Eldana saccharina
- Elderly nutrition
- Electricity
A physical phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electrons and protons; energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Electric field
- Energy resources
- Electrical resistance
- Magnetic properties
- Infrared radiation
Library of Congress sh85066322
Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 750 nanometers and 1 millimeter, between those of visible light and microwaves. This portion of the electromagnetic spectrum can usually be sensed as heat. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ionizing radiation
Library of Congress sh85067827
High-energy radiation capable of producing ionization in substances through which it passes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Microwave radiation
Electromagnetic radiation between the ultrahigh frequency radio and infrared (in the 10e-3 (micro) to about 0.5 X 10e-1 meter) region of the spectrum. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ultraviolet radiation
The invisible ultraviolet spectrum makes up one specific portion of sunlight. This unique portion accounts for three percent of all solar radiation reaching the earth. UV radiation causes many health problems. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- ultrastructure
The structure of an organism, substance or object that is only observable under electron microscopy. (source: NALT)
- electroporation
A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of cell membranes, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA. (source: NALT)
- Eledone
- Strepsiptera
- Eleodes
- Pennisetum purpureum
- Elettaria
- Eleusine
- Eleusine coracana
- Eleusine indica
- Holothuroidea
- Pyrrhalta luteola
- Ulmus
- Heracleum sphondylium
- soil transport processes
- Leaching
- Elymus lanceolatus
- Elymus trachycaulus
- Leymus chinensis
- Embellisia
- Embioptera
- Phyllanthus emblica
- Phyllanthus
- Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream. (source: NALT)
The blockage of a blood vessel lumen by air or solid material such as blood clot or other tissues (e.g., adipose tissue, cancer cells) that have migrated from another anatomic site. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Thrombosis
The formation of a blood clot in the lumen of a vessel or heart chamber; causes include coagulation disorders and vascular endothelial injury. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Epicotyls
- Hypocotyls
- Plumule
- Gynogenesis
the development of an embryo from a fertilized egg that only involves the maternal chromosomes from the female nucleus. (source: NALT)
- Polyembryony
Library of Congress sh85104618
Development of more than one embryo from a single ovule or seed. (source: NALT)
- Somatic embryogenesis
The initiation of embryos from previously differentiated somatic cells of plants. In this regeneration process, all the plantlets produced have the same genetic makeup. Both sexual and somatic embryos possess a primordial root and shoot. (source: NALT)
- Placenta
An organ present in some vertebrates during embryonic gestation that surrounds the fetus and provides it with nutrients and oxygen, facilitates gas and waste exchange between the fetus and mother, and provides parasitic cloaking from the mother’s immune system by excretion of neurokinin B. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- first aid
- Water lilies
- Emetics
- Empetrum
- Pulmonary emphysema
- Empoasca fabae
- Meat emulsions
- Pseudemys
- Enarmonia
- Encarsia formosa
- Encephalartos
- Meningoencephalitis
Inflammation of the meninges and brain, generally secondary to an infectious cause. Pathogens may be bacterial, viral, fungal, or protozoan. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Encephalitozoon
- Encephalitozoon cuniculi
- Myeloencephalopathy
- Enchytraeidae
- Gyranusoidea
- Metaphycus
- Ooencyrtus
- Psyllaephagus
- wildlife management
Includes management of plant and animal wildlife resources. (source: NALT)
- Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and heart valves. (source: NALT)
Inflammation of the endocardium. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- endocarp
A portion of plant tissue that is the innermost differentiated layer of a pericarp. (source: NALT)
- Parathyroid diseases
- Thyroid diseases
- Parathyroid gland
One of two small paired endocrine glands, superior and inferior, usually found embedded in the connective tissue capsule on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland; these glands secrete parathyroid hormone that regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. The parenchyma is composed of chief and oxyphilic cells arranged in anastomosing cords. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pineal body
- Thymus gland
A bi-lobed organ surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. It is located in the upper anterior portion of the chest, behind the sternum. It is composed predominantly of lymphocytes and fewer epithelial cells. Connective tissue septa separate the lobes into lobules. The lobules contain an outer portion (cortical zone) which is rich in lymphocytes and an inner portion (medullary zone) which is rich in epithelial cells. It is an organ essential for the development of the immune system. Its function is the maturation of the progenitor lymphoid cells to thymocytes and subsequently to mature T-cells. It reaches its greatest weight at puberty and subsequently begins to involute. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Thyroid gland
An endocrine gland located at the base of the neck that produces and secretes thyroxine and other hormones. Thyroxine is important for metabolic control. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- hormonal regulation
- Endocronartium
- Phagocytosis
The process by which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris; an important defense against infection. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Endogone
- Gigaspora
- Glomus
- Scutellospora
- Endometritis
Inflammation of the endometrium, usually caused by intrauterine infections. (source: NALT)
An acute or chronic, usually bacterial infectious process affecting the endometrium. It may extend to the myometrium and parametrial tissues. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, and vaginal bleeding. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Uterine diseases
- Endometrium
The mucous membrane comprising the inner layer of the uterine wall; it consists of a simple columnar epithelium and a lamina propria that contains simple tubular uterine glands. The structure, thickness, and state of the endometrium undergo marked change with the menstrual cycle. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Hansenula
- Kluyveromyces
A genus of yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae and phylum Ascomycota. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pichia
- Saccharomyces
- Schizosaccharomyces
- Zygosaccharomyces
- Endomycorrhizae
- Endoparasites
- Endophytes
- Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell, occurring either with a smooth surface (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) or studded with ribosomes (rough endoplasmic reticulum), involved in the transport of materials. (Infoplease Dictionary) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ribonucleases
- Endorphins
- Endoscopy
Library of Congress sh85043097
Procedures of applying endoscopes for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e. percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body. (source: NALT)
A diagnostic or therapeutic procedure in which an endoscope is inserted in a tubular organ to examine the structural architecture and/or remove abnormal tissues. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Laparoscopy
A procedure in which a laparoscope is inserted through a small incision near the navel to examine the abdominal and pelvic organs in the peritoneal cavity. If appropriate, biopsy or surgery can be performed during laparoscopy. (source: NALT)
Laparoscopic examination of the abdominal cavity and its contents. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Symbionts
An organism that is associated with an organism of another species and participating in a beneficial symbiotic relationship. (source: NALT)
- energy
The capacity of a physical system to do work. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Energy conversion
The change of energy from one form to another. (source: NALT)
- Energy conservation
- physical activity
Use to describe the movements made by animals or humans as they accomplish their routine tasks; for periodic use of specific sets of movements for the purpose of physical conditioning USE exercise. (source: NALT)
Any form of exercise or movement. Physical activity may include planned activity such as walking, running, basketball, or other sports. Physical activity may also include other daily activities such as household chores, yard work, walking the dog, etc. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Picea engelmannii
- Sitobion avenae
- Ilex aquifolium
- Quercus robur
- Juglans regia
- Taxus baccata
- Festuca pratensis
- Engraulis
- Mustelidae
Taxonomic family which includes the Ferret. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Enhydra lutris
- food enrichment
Use for addition of a nutrient to a processed food to replace losses of the nutrient that occured during processing; For addition of a nutrient to a food to increase the nutrient content above natural levels USE food fortification. (source: NALT)
- Ensete
- Musaceae
- Evaniidae
- Silage making
- Entada
- Entandrophragma
- Escherichia
A genus of Gram-negative, non-spore forming, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Hafnia
A genus of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria and the family Enterobacteriaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Klebsiella
A genus of Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacteria that have a polysaccharide-based capsule and are oxidase negative. Klebsiella spp. are frequent human pathogens. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Photorhabdus
A genus of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria and the family Enterobacteriaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Plesiomonas
A genus of facultatively anaerobic gram negative rod shaped bacterium in the phylum Proteobacteria and the family Enterobacteriaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Proteus
A genus of Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, but catalase- and nitrase-positive bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Salmonella
A genus of motile, rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Serratia
A genus of small motile peritrichous bacteria in the Enterobacteriacaea family consisting of Gram-negative rods. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Shigella
A genus of Gram-negative, non-spore forming rod-shaped bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Xenorhabdus
- Yersinia
A genus of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium in the phylum Proteobacteria and the family Enterobacteriaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Enterococcus
A genus of Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, lactic acid bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Enterococcus hirae
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive, cocci shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is nonmotile, non-spore forming, catalase negative, and hydrolyzes esculin but not hippurate. E. hirae was isolated from chicken and pig intestines and though rare, is pathogenic in humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Earpod (tree)
- Enterolobium cyclocarpum
- Enteropogon
- Porcine enterovirus
Porcine enterovirus is not a valid species in the 8th Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. Use for indexing only when the specific type is not known. (source: NALT)
- Swine vesicular disease virus
- Entolasia
- Heterorhabditidae
- Romanomermis culicivorax
- Steinernematidae
- Entomophaga
- Entomophthora
- Erynia
- Ichthyophonus
- Massospora
- Neozygites
- Mycoplasmatales
- Mycoplasma capricolum
- Mycoplasma putrefaciens
- Entyloma
- genotype environment interaction
Effect of different environmental conditions on the phenotype and level of performance of an individual. (source: NALT)
- environmental sciences
- Eutrophication
Process by which bodies of water become enriched in dissolved nutrients, e.g. phosphates, nitrates, nitrogenous compounds. The nutrients deplete the dissolved oxygen of the water by stimulating the growth of algae and other aquatic plant life. (source: NALT)
- Shade
- Pesticide persistence
- Environmental monitoring
- Riverbank protection
- Enzyme activity
- Enzymatic hydrolysis
- Favism
- Human physiology
- Urease inhibitors
- Menacanthus
- Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. (source: NALT)
Abnormal high level of eosinophils in the blood. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Eosinophils
Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. (source: NALT)
- Eotetranychus
- Ephedra
- Ephedraceae
- Hydrellia
- Epicauta
- Epichoristodes
- Epicoccum
- Epidendrum
- Epidermal growth factor
Epidermal growth factor affects the differentiation of specific cells in vivo and is a potent mitogenic factor for a variety of cultured cells of both ectodermal and mesodermal origin. EGF is synthesized as a large protein precursor of 1,168 amino acids. Mature EGF is a single-chain polypeptide consisting of 53 amino acids and having a molecular mass of about 6,000 daltons. (OMIM) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Stomata
- Epidermophyton
- Epididymitis
- Epilachna varivestis
- Epinephelus
- Serranidae
- Epinotia
- Epipactis
- Epiphyas
- Epiphyas postvittana
- Epiphytes
Nonparasitic plants that grow on other plants for support, rather than rooting in the soil. (source: NALT)
- gene interaction
The involvement of genes at different loci in the production of a phenotype. (source: NALT)
- Haptens
Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. (source: NALT)
A substance that can act as an epitope for an antibody but that lacks immunogenicity unless coupled to a larger carrier molecule. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Epitrimerus
- Universal soil loss equation
- horses
- Zebras
- Orthomyxoviridae
A family of negative-strand single-strand RNA viruses which includes Influenza viruses. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- surra
- Equisetales
- Equisetum
- Equisetum arvense
- Eragrostis
- Eragrostis curvula
- Eragrostis lehmanniana
- Eragrostis tef
- Erannis
- Eremochloa
- Eretmochelys imbricata
- Ergosterol
- Eria
- Saccharum
- Erica
- Gaultheria
- Kalmia
- Pieris (ericaceae)
- Erinnyis
- Erinnyis ello
- Eriobotrya
- Eriobotrya japonica
- Loquats
- Eriocaulaceae
- Eriochloa
- Eriogonum
- Eriophyes
- Phyllocoptes
- Phyllocoptruta
- Vasates
- Eriosoma lanigerum
- Yponomeutidae
- Geraniaceae
- Erynia radicans
- Erysipelothrix
A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that has a tendency to form long filaments. Its organisms are widely distributed in nature and are found in mammals, birds, and fishes. (source: NALT)
A genus of aerobic, Gram positive, rod shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Firmicutes and the family Erysipelotrichaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Erysiphe
- Leveillula
- Podosphaera
- Sphaerotheca
- Uncinula
- Erysiphe betae
- Erysiphe cichoracearum
- Erysiphe pisi
- Erysiphe polygoni
- Uncinula necator
- Erythrina
- Erythrina poeppigiana
- Erythromycin
A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. (source: NALT)
A broad-spectrum, macrolide antibiotic with antibacterial activity. Erythromycin diffuses through the bacterial cell membrane and reversibly binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. This prevents bacterial protein synthesis. Erythromycin may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal in action, depending on the concentration of the drug at the site of infection and the susceptibility of the organism involved. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Erythropoiesis
A hematopoietic process that refers to the production of erythrocytes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Erythroxylaceae
- Erythroxylum
- Erythroxylum coca
- Esocidae
- Salmoniformes
- Esox
- Esox lucius
- Stipa tenacissima
- Linolenic acid
- essential oil crops
- Eugenol
- Menthol
An organic compound made synthetically or obtained from peppermint or mint oils with flavoring and local anesthetic properties. When added to pharmaceuticals and foods, menthol functions as a fortifier for peppermint flavors. It also has a counterirritant effect on skin and mucous membranes, thereby producing a local analgesic or anesthetic effect. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Thymol
- Methyl jasmonate
- propyl gallate
- Sinapine
- Standing reflex
response of a female animal that is willing to be served by a male. (source: NALT)
- Estuaries
- Surface water
All water naturally open to the atmosphere, such as rivers, lakes, ponds, streams, estuaries, impoundments, seas, etc. (source: NALT)
- Ethalfluralin
- Percidae
- Ethers
- Methoxyflurane
- Ethion
- Ethionine
- Solanum aethiopicum
- Indigenous knowledge
- Ethofumesate
- Ethoprophos
- Ethoxyquin
- Ethylene dibromide
A clear, colorless, volatile liquid brominated hydrocarbon with a mild, sweet, chloroform-like odor that emits corrosive and toxic fumes when heated to decomposition. Ethylene dibromide is used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of resins, waxes, gums, dyes and pharmaceuticals and is used to produce vinyl bromide. Exposure to ethylene dibromide severely irritates the skin and causes depression and collapse. Ethylene dibromide affects DNA integrity by alkylation and is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Ethylene glycol
- Etiella
- Etiella zinckenella
- Etiolation
Plant growth exhibiting pale or bleached color due to the deprivation of light. (source: NALT)
- Eucalyptus
- Eucalyptus blakelyi
- Eucalyptus camaldulensis
- Eucalyptus dalrympleana
- Eucalyptus deglupta
- Eucalyptus delegatensis
- Eucalyptus diversicolor
- Broadleaved peppermint (tree)
- Eucalyptus grandis
- Eucalyptus gunnii
- Eucalyptus marginata
- Eucalyptus melliodora
- Eucalyptus microtheca
- Eucalyptus nitens
- Eucalyptus obliqua
- Eucalyptus ovata
- Eucalyptus pauciflora
- Eucalyptus pellita
- Eucalyptus radiata
- Eucalyptus regnans
- Eucalyptus robusta
- Eucalyptus saligna
- Eucalyptus tereticornis
- Eucalyptus urophylla
- Eucalyptus viminalis
- Eucalyptus wandoo
- Eucelatoria
- Mesocestoididae
- Eucheuma
- Zea
- Euchresta
- Eucoilidae
- Leptopilina
- Eucommia
- Eucommiaceae
- Eucommia ulmoides
- Eucosma
- Eudrilus
- Spheniscidae
- pomerac
- Eugenia uniflora
- Syzygium cumini
- Syzygium jambos
- Euglena
- Euglena gracilis
- Eulaliopsis
- Pediobius
- Tetrastichus
- Euphausiidae
- Euphausia superba
- Euphausiacea
- Euphorbia
- Euphorbia characias
- Euphorbia esula
- Euphorbia lathyris
- Euphorbia pulcherrima
- Hevea
- Jatropha
- Mallotus (euphorbiaceae)
- Manihot
- Mercurialis
- Ricinus
- Sapium
- Sauropus
- Pandaceae
- Simmondsiaceae
- Litchi
- Euphyllura
- Eupodidae
- Eupomatiaceae
- Euproctis
- Trichomalopsis
- Salvia sclarea
- Fraxinus excelsior
- Populus tremula
- Prunus padus
- Ostrinia nubilalis
- Tipula paludosa
- Forficula auricularia
- Scolytus multistriatus
- Vitis vinifera
- Lymantria dispar
- Larix decidua
- Viscum album
- Sorbus aucuparia
- Ostrea edulis
- Rhyacionia buoliana
- Pleuronectes platessa
- Prunus domestica
- Panonychus ulmi
- Lygus rugulipennis
- Quercus cerris
- Furoviruses
- Lupinus luteus
- Eurosta
- Eurotium
- Monascus
- Talaromyces
- Eurygaster
- Eurygaster integriceps
- Eurytoma
- Euschistus
- Euseius
- Eustachys
- Eustoma
- Euterpe edulis
- Euterpe oleracea
- Eutetranychus
- Eutetranychus orientalis
- Euthynnus
- Scombridae
- Eutreta
- Euxesta
- Evaporation
The process of a liquid changing into a vapor or gas, usually water in meteorology. (source: NALT)
- Evapotranspiration
Combination of evaporation from free water surfaces and transpiration of water from plant surfaces to the atmosphere. (source: NALT)
- Even aged stands
A class of forest or stand composed of trees of about the same age. The maximum age difference admissible is generally 10 to 20 years. Compare uneven-aged stands. (source: NALT)
- Oenothera biennis
- Fragaria
- Strawberries
- Evisceration
- Natural selection
- Phylogeny
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup. (source: NALT)
- Ewes
Female sheep of any age. (source: NALT)
- Ewe milk
- Sheep
Any one of several species of ruminants of the genus Ovis, native of the higher mountains of both hemispheres, but most numerous in Asia; the domestic sheep, Ovis aries. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Exanthema
- Excision
The act of cutting out; the surgical removal of part or all of a structure or organ. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- honeydew
- Urine
The fluid that is excreted by the kidneys. It is stored in the bladder and discharged through the urethra. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Urination
The discharge of urine. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Malpighian tubules
- Pterophoridae
- Heart rate
The number of heartbeats per unit of time, usually expressed as beats per minute. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Exobasidium
- exocarp
A portion of plant tissue that is the outer layer of a pericarp. (source: NALT)
- pearl bush
- Sebaceous glands
- Sweat glands
- exons
- Exophiala
- Exorista
- Exoskeleton
- Expectorants
- gene expression
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of genetic transcription and genetic translation. (source: NALT)
Typically involves transcription of genetically encoded information into an intermediary message (messenger RNA) and subsequent translation into a functional protein. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- protein synthesis
Protein synthesis is the group of processes that are involved in generation of mature protein molecules. Although protein synthesis may involve translation alone in many cases, in others, it involves also protein folding, integration of prosthetic groups, glycosylation, methylation, phosphorylation, lipidation and any other process that may be involved in maturation of the polypeptide to the biologically active form. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Plant extracts
- Exudation
- Staphylococcus hyicus
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, cocci shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is positive for catalase, caseinase, hyaluronidase, and alkaline phosphatase, and negative for coagulase, oxidase, and urease. It can ferment sucrose, mannose, ribose, lactose and trehalose but not arabinose, cellobiose, maltose, glycerol, mannitol, turanose, xylitol or xylose. S. hyicus is a zoonotic pathogen. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Glaucoma
Library of Congress sh85055227
Increased pressure in the eyeball due to obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Xerophthalmia
Library of Congress sh85148810
Dryness of the eye due to inadequate production of tears. Causes include vitamin A deficiency, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Vision
- Eye lens
- Eyelids
- Retinoids
- Vicia faba
- Fabales
- Flemingia
- Galactia
- Galega
- Genista
- Gliricidia
- Glycyrrhiza
- Hedysarum
- Indigofera
- Lubia
- Lathyrus
- Lens
- Kummerowia
- Lonchocarpus
- Lotononis
- sacred lotus
- Lupinus
- Macroptilium
- Macrotyloma
- Medicago
- Melilotus
- Millettia
- Myroxylon
- Neonotonia
- Onobrychis
- Ornithopus
- Oxytropis
- Pachyrhizus
- Pisum
- Psophocarpus
- prairie potatoes
- Pterocarpus
- tropical kudzu
- Rhynchosia
- Scorpiurus
- Spartium
- Sphenostylis
- Stylosanthes
- Tephrosia
- Teramnus
- False lupine
- Tipa
- Trifolium
- Trigonella
- Ulex
- Vicia
- Wisteria
- Zornia
- Musca autumnalis
- Fagus
- Nothofagus
- Quercus
- Zanthoxylum
- Fagopyrum
- Siberian buckwheat
- Fagus crenata
- Fagus sylvatica
- Faidherbia
- Syncope
A spontaneous loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood supply to the brain. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Spodoptera frugiperda
- Panicum dichotomiflorum
- Hyphantria cunea
- Starvation
Use for the physiological state of animals, insects and humans that have undergone continuous and prolonged deprivation of food. (source: NALT)
- Fannia
- Fannia canicularis
- Ponds
- Land management
- Farrowing pens
- Farrowing rate
The number of sows that farrow divided by the number of sows mated, usually pertaining to the herd and not the number of matings for an individual. (source: NALT)
- Fasciola
- Fasciola gigantica
- Fasciola hepatica
- Trematode infections
- Fascioloides
- Fascioloides magna
- lipid content
- Fat globules
- sucrose polyester
- Vitamin E
A natural fat-soluble antioxidant with potential chemopreventive activity. Also known as tocopherol, vitamin E ameliorates free-radical damage to biological membranes, protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) within membrane phospholipids and within circulating lipoproteins. Peroxyl radicals react 1000-fold faster with vitamin E than with PUFA. In the case of oxygen free radical-mediated tumorigenesis, vitamin E may be chemopreventive. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Vitamin K
The term “vitamin K” refers to a group of chemically similar fat-soluble compounds called naphthoquinones: vitamin K1 (phytonadione) is found in plants and is the primary source of vitamin K for humans through dietary consumption, vitamin K2 compounds (menaquinones) are made by bacteria in the human gut, and vitamin K3 (menadione) is a water-soluble preparation available for adults only. Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to produce the coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as the clotting factors protein C, protein S, and protein Z; vitamin K deficiency can result in deficiencies of these coagulation factors and excess bleeding. An injection of vitamin K is routinely given to newborn infants to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding, also known as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults but may result from chronic malnutrition or an inability to absorb dietary vitamins. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pimephales promelas
- Volatile fatty acids
- Free fatty acids
- Fatty liver
Library of Congress sh85047473
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of triglycerides, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of fatty acids. (source: NALT)
- Fawns
- Feather pecking
- Fedia
- nutrient utilization
- Feed meals
- Pelleted feeds
- Palatability
Use for the acceptance of a food as fit to eat by animals and humans, based solely upon sensory properties; For the acceptance of a food by humans as fit to eat, based upon a variety of sensory, cultural, and emotional factors USE food acceptability. (source: NALT)
- feed requirements
- Restricted feeding
Use for the reduction of the amount of food to animals; for the complete withholding of feed to animals USE feed deprivation. (source: NALT)
- Feeding frequency
- Foraging
- Parenteral feeding
The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). (source: NALT)
- Hay
Grasses, clover, alfalfa and other legumes, or any other leafy plant material that is cut and dried to be used for animal feeding. (source: NALT)
- Medicated feeds
- Milk replacers
Use for feeding of young animals separated from their dams; For milk-like products for human consumption USE milk substitutes. (source: NALT)
- Pet foods
- Middlings
The coarse particles containing the wheat germ and the fine particles of wheat bran separated during milling. Valuable for feed, middlings contain a large proportion of protein and digestible nutrients. (source: NALT)
- Feet
- Legs
- Leopards
- Panthers
- Feline calicivirus
- Leukopenia
Condition in which the number of leukocytes in the circulating blood is below normal levels. (source: NALT)
A laboratory test result indicating a decreased number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Feline panleukopenia virus
- Feltia
- Kidding rate
The number of nannygoats that kid divided by the number mated, as pertaining to the flock and not the number of matings for an individual. (source: NALT)
- Lambing rate
The number of ewes that lamb divided by the number of ewes mated, usually pertaining to the flock and not the number of matings for an individual. (source: NALT)
- Pseudopregnancy
- Vaginal diseases
- Oviducts
- Womb
- Vagina
The female genital canal, extending from the uterus to the vulva. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Vulva
The external, visible part of the female genitalia surrounding the urethral and vaginal opening. The vulva includes the clitoris and inner as well as outer labia. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- gender
The assemblage of properties that distinguish people on the basis of the societal roles expected for the two sexes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- gilts
Young female swine, up to and including primiparous (first litter females) typically less than 15 months of age. (source: NALT)
- Seas
- Nannygoats
- Sows
Any breeding female swine that has farrowed at least one litter or has reached 12 months of age. (source: NALT)
- Femur
The upper leg bone positioned between the pelvis and the knee. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Fenamiphos
- Fenarimol
- Fenitrothion
- fennel
- Foeniculum vulgare
- Fenoprop
- Fenoxaprop
- Fenoxycarb
- Juvenile hormone analogues
- Fenpropathrin
- Fenpropimorph
- Fensulfothion
- Trigonella foenum graecum
- Fenvalerate
- Lactic fermentation
Fermentation carried out by lactic acid bacteria in which sugar is converted either entirely, or almost entirely, to lactic acid or to a mixture of lactic acid and other products. (source: NALT)
- Malolactic fermentation
- Solid state fermentation
- Industrial microbiology
- Vinasse
- Miso
A fermented soybean paste that may also contain rice, barley or wheat. (source: NALT)
- Soy sauce
- Tempeh
- Kefir
A sour brew of fermented milk with the consistency of liquid yogurt, which may contain 2 1/2 percent alcohol. (source: NALT)
- Ferrets
- Ferrisia
- Ferrisia virgata
- Steel
- Fertilizer injury
- Sexual reproduction
- Liquid fertilizers
- Ferula communis
- Festuca
- Festuca arundinacea
- Festuca ovina
- Festuca rubra
- Festulolium
- Pregnancy complications
- Yolk sac
Membranous sac on the ventral aspect of the developing embryo that acts as a primitive circulatory system as well as providing nourishment. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Sclerenchyma
- Histosols
- Root systems
- Fibula
The small, lateral calf bone extending from the knee to the ankle. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ficus
- Ficus benghalensis
- Ceylon willow
- Ficus carica
- Ficus elastica
- Ficus religiosa
- Figs
- Field capacity
- Water holding capacity
- oil crops
- Starch crops
- Sugar crops
- Soil water balance
- Onchocerciasis
- Stephanofilaria
- Filaroides
- Tylenchida
- Fillets
- Fish processing
- Fish fillets
- Fins
- Scolytus ventralis
- Solenopsis
- Fire detection
The act of discovering, locating and reporting wildfires. (source: NALT)
- forest fire management
- Forest fires
- Wildfires
- Peptococcaceae
A taxonomic family of bacterium in the phylum Firmicutes that includes the genera Dehalobacter, Peptococcus and Thermincola, among others. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Firmness
- Fish larvae
The developmental stage of fish which have hatched from the egg and receive nutrients from the yolk sac until the yolk is completely absorbed. (source: NALT)
- Freshwater fishes
- Haddock
- Mackerel
- Menhaden
- Ornamental fishes
- Pike
- Salmon
- Trout
- Tuna
- Furunculosis
A skin condition that is characterized by recurring furuncles, lesions primarily caused by staphylococcus aureus infection of the hair follicles and surrounding skin. Furunculosis occurs more frequently in persons with immune systems disorders than in the general population. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- fish inspection
- food inspection
- Fish pastes
- Fish protein concentrate
- Frozen fish
- Salted fish
- Smoked fish
- Surimi
A processed seafood product that is typically made from Alaskan pollack that is flavored, precooked, and reformed into shapes that resemble shellfish. Imitation crabmeat is an example of surimi. (source: NALT)
- Fish wastes
- Steaks
- Ryania
- Flammability
- Lathyrus sylvestris
- Platycephalidae
- Flatidae
- Metcalfa
- Flaviviridae
A family of enveloped viruses with a genome consisting of a single molecule of linear positive-sense single-stranded RNA. They infect molluscs, mammals, and birds and some are transmitted by arthropod vectors. The family includes the hepatitis C and hepatitis G viruses. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Japanese encephalitis virus
- Wesselsbron virus
- Flavobacterium
Flavobacterium is at the rank of genus; Do not confuse with the class Flavobacteria. (source: NALT)
A species of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, bacterium in the phylum Bacteroidetes that are motile by gliding. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ornithobacterium
- Luteolin
- Kaempferol
- Rutin
- Flax
- Linum usitatissimum
- Linseed
- Flemingia macrophylla
- Flexibacter
- Flight
Use for animals other than insects; for insects USE insect flight; for the transport of people or goods by aircraft USE air transportation; for the use of aircraft in agricultural operations USE agricultural aviation. (source: NALT)
- Flindersia
- Flindersia brayleyana
- Flood irrigation
An irrigation system in which a field is flooded to a depth of a few inches. (source: NALT)
- Floodplains
Lowland and relatively flat areas adjoining inland and coastal waters, including flood prone areas of islands. This land includes, at a minimum, those areas that are subject to a 1 percent or greater chance of flooding in any given year. (source: NALT)
- Wine yeast
- Rubus
- Hydrilla verticillata
- Oatmeal
- Potato flour
- Rice flour
- Rye flour
- Sweet potato flour
- Wheat flour
- Hibiscus trionum
- Heading
- Nectaries
- Uridine
A nucleoside consisting of uracil and D-ribose and a component of RNA. Uridine has been studied as a rescue agent to reduce the toxicities associated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), thereby allowing the administration of higher doses of 5-FU in chemotherapy regimens. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Fluchloralin
- Gas exchange
- Hydrodynamics
The branch of the science of mechanics that deals with the motion of fluids and the forces acting on solids immersed in fluids. (source: NALT)
- Mass transfer
- fluid therapy
- Fluometuron
- Fluorescence
Fluorescence is a luminescence (i.e., optical phenomenon) in cold bodies, in which a molecule absorbs a high-energy photon, and re-emits it as a lower-energy (longer-wavelength) photon. The energy difference between the absorbed and emitted photons ends up as molecular vibrations (heat). Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Fluorine
An element with atomic symbol F, atomic number 9, and atomic weight 19.0. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Uracil derivatives
- Fluridone
- Fluroxypyr
- Fluvalinate
- Myiasis
Library of Congress sh85089232
The invasion of living tissues of man and other mammals by dipterous larvae. (source: NALT)
- Foals
The young of members of the horse family, usually under one year old. (source: NALT)
- Macrophages
- foaming
- Pisum sativum
- Meat pastes
- Folic acid
A collective term for pteroylglutamic acids and their oligoglutamic acid conjugates. As a natural water-soluble substance, folic acid is involved in carbon transfer reactions of amino acid metabolism, in addition to purine and pyrimidine synthesis, and is essential for hematopoiesis and red blood cell production. (NCI05) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Foliar diseases
- Heterobasidion annosum
- Rigidoporus lignosus
- Ganoderma lucidum
- Fonofos
- food science
- food storage
Use for farm, industry and food service storage of food products; For storage of foods at home USE home food storage. (source: NALT)
- Food technology
The application of food science to the preservation, processing and preparation of foods, and to their packaging, storage and transportation. (source: NALT)
- Food chains
- Nanophyetus
- Norwalk virus
A species of non-enveloped and spherical viruses with a capsid with T=3 icosahedral symmetry in the Caliciviridae family and Norovirus genus. The genome is composed of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA. Norwalk viruses are found in humans and causes acute viral gastroenteritis. Norwalk viruses are transmitted via oral ingestion or fecal-oral contamination. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Prions
Small proteinaceous infectious particles which resist inactivation by procedures that modify nucleic acids and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. The abnormal (scrapie) isoform is PrPSc; the cellular isoform is PrPC. The primary amino acid sequence of the two isoforms is identical. Among diseases caused by prions are scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and Creuzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome. (source: NALT)
- Staphylococcus aureus
A common bacterial species found especially on nasal mucous membrane and skin (hair follicles); bacterial species that produces exotoxins including those that cause toxic shock syndrome, with resulting skin rash, and renal, hepatic, and central nervous system disease, and an enterotoxin associated with food poisoning; it causes furunculosis, cellulitis, pyemia, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, suppuration of wounds, other infections; also a cause of infection in burn patients; humans are the chief reservoir. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Streptococcus
A genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes and the lactic acid bacteria group. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Vibrio
A genus of Gram-negative bacteria with a curved rod shape in the phylum Proteobacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Host plants
Plants which provide shelter, habitat, breeding sites or serve as a food source as part of the life cycle of another organism. (source: NALT)
- Marinating
- Scalding
- Tenderizing
- Food wastes
Food waste is a component of food loss and occurs when an edible item goes unconsumed, as in food discarded by retailers due to color or appearance and plate waste by consumers. Use for edible but unconsumed food found anywhere along the food chain; for food wastes from home or food service kitchens USE kitchen waste; for food wastes from food processing plants USE food processing wastes. (source: NALT)
- Juiciness
- paralytic shellfish poisoning
- Giardiasis
- Laminitis
- Weather forecasting
- forest stands
A community of forest trees which are generally uniform in species composition, size, age or condition and are managed as a single unit. (source: NALT)
- forest health
- forest trees
- Forest litter
- Forest pests
Pests of forest trees. (source: NALT)
- plant genetics
The branch of genetics focusing on plant heredity. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- plant litter
the accumulation of leaves, twigs, bark, needles, stems, fruits, branches and other plant parts on the surface of the soil. (source: NALT)
- Forest resources
- Forest reserves
- state forests
- Malacosoma disstria
- Omasum
The third compartment of the forestomach of ruminants with many long folds of mucosa (resembling a book). Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Reticulum
Smallest forestomach of ruminants with complex honeycomb folding of mucosa. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Rumen
Largest forestomach of ruminants where bacterial fermentation occurs. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mixed forests
- Rain forests
- Secondary forests
The first forest regenerated on land that was originally covered by primary forest which was drastically altered in structure by selective cutting or clearcutting for agricultural use. (source: NALT)
- Temperate forests
- Tropical forests
- Forficula
- Formic acid
- Formica
- Formica polyctena
- Formica rufa
- Iridomyrmex
- Lasius
- Linepithema
- Monomorium
- Myrmica
- Oecophylla
- Pheidole
- Pogonomyrmex
- Tetramorium
- Forsythia
- Fortified wines
A wine to which additional alcohol has been added, often in the form of brandy. (source: NALT)
- Sherry
- Fortunella
- Fortunella japonica
- Fortunella margarita
- Fosamine
- Fothergilla
- population genetics
The branch of genetics that focuses on gene distribution and transmission through populations. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Fouquieriaceae
- Poa palustris
- fowl cholera
- Hordeum jubatum
- Setaria italica
- Fragaria ananassa
- Fragaria moschata
- Fragaria vesca
- Fragaria virginiana
- Francisella
A genus of aerobic, Gram negative, rod and cocci shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria and the family Franciscellaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Frankia
- Frankliniella
- Frankliniella fusca
- Frankliniella occidentalis
- Fraxinus pennsylvanica
- Free living nematodes
- Free radicals
Molecules having one or more unpaired electrons which are highly reactive with other chemical molecules. (source: NALT)
Molecules or atoms with at least one unpaired or ‘free’ electron in the outermost electron shell. Chemically unstable, free radicals stabilize themselves by appropriating an electron from a nearby molecule, thereby damaging that molecule by altering the electron number in its outermost electron shell. By-products of both normal cell processes and environmental toxin exposure, oxygen free-radicals in high concentrations may damage DNA, proteins, and lipids, thereby increasing the risk for various diseases including cancer. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- reactive oxygen species
Reactive oxygen species are molecules containing oxygen with unpaired and unstable electron configurations which are highly reactive with other molecules. (source: NALT)
Organic or inorganic chemicals that contain an oxygen atom with an unpaired electron. This unstable electron configuration causes these chemicals to be highly reactive with other molecules. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Sex differentiation disorders
- Twins
- Freesia
- Freezing point
- Populus fremontii
- Potato products
- Tagetes patula
- Freons
- Freshwater
- Pandanaceae
- Friction
- Oscinella frit
- Fritillaria
- Frost
- soil movement
- Frozen fruits
- Frozen meat
- Frozen vegetables
- Inulin
A naturally occurring, indigestible and non-absorbable oligosaccharide produced by certain plants with prebiotic and potential anticancer activity. Inulin stimulates the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon, including Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, thereby modulating the composition of microflora. This creates an environment that protects against pathogens, toxins and carcinogens, which can cause inflammation and cancer. In addition, fermentation of inulin leads to an increase in short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid production, thereby reducing colonic pH, which may further control pathogenic bacteria growth and may contribute to inulin’s cancer protective properties. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Fructose
- Sugar phosphates
- Fruit crops
- Fruit trees
- Fruit growing
- Fruit extracts
- Viticulture
- Grape juice
- Orange juice
- Pineapple juice
- Fruit syrups
- Parthenocarpy
- Grapes
- Rhubarb
- Rose hips
The fruit of the rose plant. (source: NALT)
- Temperate fruits
- pods
- Fucaceae
- Fucus
- Sargassaceae
- Fuchsia
- Fucus serratus
- Fucus vesiculosus
- Natural gas
- Lophopidae
- Tropiduchidae
- Fulvic acids
- Fumaria
- Soil fumigation
- Fumonisins
- Health foods
Foods that are considered by the public as having superior health benefits, such as those produced with little or no preservatives, processing or pesticides. (source: NALT)
- Water binding capacity
- Rheological properties
- Spawn (fungi)
- Sclerotia
Use for the hardened, resting mass of fungal hyphae; for the genus USE Sclerotium. (source: NALT)
- Sporangia
- Powdery mildews
A fungus forming a white powdery coating on leaves and stems. (source: NALT)
- Oospores
- Soil fungi
- Rumen fungi
- Guazatine
- Metalaxyl
- Methyl bromide
- Oxycarboxin
- Pentachlorophenol
- Pyrazophos
- Quintozene
- Thiram
- Tricyclazole
- Triforine
- Furans
- Furcellariaceae
- Fusarins
- Fusarium chlamydosporum
- Fusarium culmorum
- Fusarium equiseti
- Fusarium oxysporum
- Fusarium proliferatum
- Fusarium roseum
- Fusarium solani
- Fusarium sporotrichioides
- T-2 toxin
- Gibberella avenacea
- Gibberella zeae
- Gibberella fujikuroi
- Gibberella pulicaris
- Fusobacterium
Fusobacterium is at the rank of genus; do not confuse with the higher classification group of Fusobacteria. (source: NALT)
A genus of filamentous, anaerobic, Gram-negative bacteria in the phylum Fusobacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Streptobacillus
A genus of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium in the phylum Fusobacteria and the family Fusobacteriaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Gadiformes
- Gadus
- Lota
- Melanogrammus
- Merlangius
- Microgadus
- Molva
- Pollachius
- Theragra
- Trisopterus
- Urophycis
- Merlucciidae
- Gadus morhua
- Merlangius merlangus
- Pollachius virens
- Walking
The act of traveling by foot. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Galactomannans
- Mannans
- galactosamine
- Galanthus
- Galega orientalis
- Typhlodromus
- Galeopsis
- Galium
- Galium aparine
- Galleria
- Galleria mellonella
- Gallus
- Quercus gambelii
- Gambusia
- Gambusia affinis
- grouse
- partridges
- pheasants
- quails
- Game meat
- Venison
- Gametogenesis
The process of germ cell development from the primordial germ cells to the mature haploid gametes. (source: NALT)
Gametogenesis is the phase of sexual reproduction in which certain cells of a female or male individual (parent) are transformed into specialized reproductive cells (gametes) that will initiate development of a progeny individual (offspring) upon fertilization. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Spermatogenesis
The maturation and propagation of spermatozoa. The process consists of three phases, mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis. This results in a specialized cell that is capable of traversing the male and female reproductive tracts, and has the capability of fertilizing an egg. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Gamma radiation
High-energy, short wavelength, ionizing electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus. Gamma radiation frequently accompanies alpha and beta emissions and always accompanies fission. Gamma rays are very penetrating and are best stopped or shielded by dense materials, such as lead or depleted uranium. Gamma rays are identical to x-rays and are only differentiated by their origin. (from NRC Glossary) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Globulins
- Gammarus
- Gammarus pulex
- Ganders
Male geese. (source: NALT)
- Gangliosides
- Garcinia mangostana
- Mangosteen
- Lactuca sativa
- Lepidium sativum
- Gardenia
- Public gardens
- Gasterophilus
- Gasterophilus intestinalis
- Gasterosteiformes
- Gasterosteus
- Gasterosteus aculeatus
- gastric acid
- Stomach ulcer
- laxatives
An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel, a cathartic or purgative. (source: NALT)
- intestines
- Haliotidae
- Littorinidae
- Gastrothylax
- Gekkonidae
- Goslings
Baby geese. (source: NALT)
- Gelasinospora
- Gelatin
- geldings
Castrated male horses. (source: NALT)
- Keiferia
- Pectinophora
- Phthorimaea
- Scrobipalpa
- Scrobipalpula
- Sitotroga
- Gelidiaceae
- Gelidium
- Gelidiella
- Gelsemium
- Gelsemium sempervirens
- sex ratio
- gene dosage
The number of copies of a given gene present in a cell or nucleus. (source: NALT)
- gene duplication
Processes occurring in various organisms by which new genes are copied. Gene duplication may result in a multigene family; supergenes or pseudogenes. Use for a chromosomal structural change resulting in the doubling of a section of the genome of prokaryotes and eukaryotes; For genes which give the same phenotypic result, USE duplicate genes. (source: NALT)
Any DNA sequence rearrangement that results in the gain of copies of a genomic region, typically in the form of long interspersed sequences, short interspersed sequences, satellite sequences and retrotransposons. The appearance of duplications of DNA within the genome plays an important role in the diversification of genomes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- gene flow
The movement of genes from one population to another of the same species. (source: NALT)
- transfection
The uptake of naked or purified DNA by cells, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation and both are routinely employed in gene transfer techniques. (source: NALT)
The process of introduction of DNA into a recipient eukaryote cell and its subsequent integration into the recipient cell’s chromosomal DNA, so that the cells or progeny may express the integrated donor gene. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- homeotic genes
Genes that encode highly conserved transcription factors that control positional identity of cells (body patterning) and morphogenesis throughout development. Their sequences contain a 180 nucleotide sequence designated the homeobox, so called because mutations of these genes often results in homeotic transformations, in which one body structure replaces another. The proteins encoded by homeobox genes are called homeodomain proteins. (source: NALT)
- lethal genes
Genes whose loss of function or gain of function mutation leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They may be essential genes required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability. (source: NALT)
- Major histocompatibility complex
The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune response-associated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. (source: NALT)
- operons
In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic messenger RNA is under the control of an operator region. (source: NALT)
- pseudogenes
Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. When lacking introns and containing a poly-A segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded DNA), they are called processed genes. (source: NALT)
- recessive genes
- transgenes
- genetic code
- Genetic correlation
the portion of a phenotypic correlation between two traits in a population that can be attributed to additive genetic effects. (source: NALT)
- Genetic covariance
- genetic distance
The genetic divergence between two individuals, populations or species. It is commonly a statistic based on the differences in allele frequencies in separated populations, but can use other data such as the number of tandem repeats in microsatellites, DNA sequences, or even the number of mutations required to bring about the observed differences. (source: NALT)
- genetic drift
The fluctuation of the allele frequency from one generation to the next. (source: NALT)
The random change of the occurrence of a particular gene in a population, genetic drift is thought to be one cause of speciation when a group of organisms is separated from its parent population. (NCI) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Genetic stability
The tendency of a population to maintain its genotypes over generations. (source: NALT)
- genetic markers
A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. (source: NALT)
- genetic transformation
Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (transfection, transduction, conjugation, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell’s genome. (source: NALT)
- genomes
Library of Congress sh85053924
The complete set of genetic material in the chromosomes of an organism with its associated genes. (source: NALT)
- Germplasm
The cells or tissues from which a new organism can be generated. (source: NALT)
- plant genetic resources
- Hydromorphic soils
- genetic transduction
Transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a gene transfer technique. (source: NALT)
- Somaclonal variation
Genetic variation arising from the break-up and reassembly of DNA in dividing vegetative plant cells grown in culture. (source: NALT)
- Genistein
A soy-derived isoflavone and phytoestrogen with antineoplastic activity. Genistein binds to and inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase, thereby disrupting signal transduction and inducing cell differentiation. This agent also inhibits topoisomerase-II, leading to DNA fragmentation and apoptosis, and induces G2/M cell cycle arrest. Genistein exhibits antioxidant, antiangiogenic, and immunosuppressive activities. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Gentiana
- Swertia
- Genyonemus
- Testudinidae
- Geocoris punctipes
- Geophysics
- Spatial distribution
- Geomorphology
The study of the surface of the earth and how it has changed over time. (source: NALT)
- soil parent materials
- Stratigraphy
The branch of geology concerned with the formation, composition, ordering in time, and arrangement in space of sedimentary rocks. (source: NALT)
- tectonics
- Gophers
- Geothermal energy
- Geotrichum
- Geotrichum candidum
- Geranium
- Pelargonium
- Limnanthaceae
- Tropaeolaceae
- Pelargonium peltatum
- Gerbils
- Wheat germ
- Germination
- Pollen germination
- spore germination
- Seed storage
- Gerridae
- Gloxinia
- Saintpaulia
- Sinningia
- Streptocarpus
- Hepialidae
- Srih (somatostatin)
- Sequoiadendron giganteum
- Gibberella
- Gibberellic acid
- Gibberellins
- Gigantochloa
- Hypneaceae
- Plocamiaceae
- Sphaerococcaceae
- Gigaspora margarita
- Gilmaniella
- Sparus aurata
- Ginger
An extract of the rhizome of the perennial plant Zingiber officinale with potential antineoplastic activity. Ginger extract contains a number of different phenolic compounds, some of which have displayed antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This agent also exhibits antiemetic properties. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Gingivitis
A disorder involving inflammation of the gums; may affect surrounding and supporting structures of the teeth. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ginkgo
- Ginkgoaceae
- Ginkgo biloba
- Girella
- Kyphosidae
- Glacial till soils
- Gladiolus
- Plant glands
- Glaucium
- Glaucium flavum
- Glechoma
- Gleditsia triacanthos
- Gliocladium
- Gliricidia sepium
- Myoxidae
- Glischrochilus
- Globodera
- Globodera pallida
- Globodera rostochiensis
- Globodera solanacearum
- Myoglobin
- Gloeocercospora
- Gloeophyllum trabeum
- Glomerella
- Glomerulonephritis
A renal disorder characterized by damage in the glomeruli. It may be acute or chronic, focal or diffuse, and it may lead to renal failure. Causes include autoimmune disorders, infections, diabetes, and malignancies. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Nephritis
Inflammation of the kidney. It is a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Glomus aggregatum
- Glomus etunicatum
- Glomus fasciculatum
- Glomus intraradices
- Glomus mosseae
- Glomus versiforme
- Glossina
- Glossina austeni
- Glossina morsitans
- Glossina pallidipes
- Glossina palpalis
- Glossina tachinoides
- Glucagon
A pancreatic hormone consisting of 29 amino acids that causes increases in blood sugar levels by stimulating hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Glycogen
- glucobrassicin
- Glucosinolates
- Glucomannans
- glucosamine
- Glufosinate
- Glugea
- Glutamates
- Glutathione
A tripeptide comprised of three amino acids (cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine) present in most mammalian tissue. Glutathione acts as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger and a detoxifying agent. Glutathione is also important as a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, in the uptake of amino acids, and in the synthesis of leukotrienes. As a substrate for glutathione S-transferase, this agent reacts with a number of harmful chemical species, such as halides, epoxides and free radicals, to form harmless inactive products. In erythrocytes, these reactions prevent oxidative damage through the reduction of methemoglobin and peroxides. Glutathione is also involved in the formation and maintenance of disulfide bonds in proteins and in the transport of amino acids across cell membranes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Glutenins
- Glyceria
- Glycine soja
- Neonotonia wightii
- Soybean products
- Soybeans
- Glycinin
- Solanine
- glycopeptides
- Phospholipids
- Hyaluronic acid
A glucosaminoglycan consisting of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine disaccharide units that is a component of connective tissue, skin, vitreous humour, umbilical cord, synovial fluid and the capsule of certain microorganisms contributing to adhesion, elasticity, and viscosity of extracellular substances. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Saponins
A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycone moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. (source: NALT)
- Sphingolipids
- Glycyphagus
- Glycyrrhiza glabra
- Glyphipterigidae
- Glyphosate
- Glypta
- Glyptocephalus
- Grey teak
- Gmelina arborea
- Gnathostoma
- Gnathotrichus
- Gnetaceae
- Bulso
- Gnetum gnemon
- Phthorimaea operculella
- Goat meat
- Goat milk
- Salix caprea
- Mullidae
- Kids
Use for a young goat; For human children USE children. (source: NALT)
- Gobiidae
- Goethite
- Iodine
An element with atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Thyroid antagonists
- Gold
An element with atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Gonadotropin release
- Testes
- Gonia
- Goniodes
- Gonipterus scutellatus
- Neisseria
A genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, strongly oxidase-positive diplococci bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Gonystylus
- Gooseberries
- Ribes uva crispa
- Gopherus
- Gossypium
- Gossypium tomentosum
- Gossypol
An orally-active polyphenolic aldehyde with potential antineoplastic activity. Derived primarily from unrefined cottonseed oil, gossypol induces cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and inducing apoptosis. This agent also inhibits cell-signaling enzymes, resulting in inhibition of cell growth, and may act as a male contraceptive. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Raffinose
- Graafian follicles
Library of Congress sh85056147
In mammals, the mature ovarian follicle that secretes estrogen and is the final stage of follicular development. (source: NALT)
- Paratylenchidae
- Gracilaria
- Phyllocnistis
- Phyllonorycter
- Plant propagation
Includes asexual and sexual methods of propagation such as cuttings, grafting, air layering, seed treatments, and micropropagation. (source: NALT)
- Rootstocks
- Scions
- Skin grafting
The grafting of skin in humans or animals from one site to another to replace a lost portion of the body surface skin. (source: NALT)
- Malt
Product made by wetting grain (commonly barley) and allowing it to germinate long enough to produce adequate amounts of enzymes, and used especially in brewing and distilling. (source: NALT)
- Macaroni
- Granite
- Granite soils
- Neutrophils
Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. (source: NALT)
- Muscari
- Grape must
A mixture of grape juice, grape pulp, and grape skin that is fermented into wine. (source: NALT)
- Seed extracts
- Wine grapes
- Vitis labrusca
- Vitis rotundifolia
- Lathyrus sativus
- Grass weed
- permanent grasslands
- Prairies
Characterized by fertile soil, a mesic climate, and covered originally with coarse grasses, a prairie is an extensive, level or rolling, predominantly treeless grassland. (source: NALT)
- gravel
- Gravity
- Zero gravity
- Populus canescens
- Mixed grazing
- Rotational grazing
- Grazing intensity
- Overgrazing
- Hypena scabra
- Spinach
- Watercress
- Panicum maximum
- Myzus persicae
- Schizaphis graminum
- Nitrous oxide
A naturally occurring gas that is colorless and non flammable. It can be manufactured and used for a variety of things such as a pharmacologic agent to produce anesthesia, a food additive as a propellant, and an additive to fuels to increase available oxygen in combustion. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Trialeurodes vaporariorum
- Gregarina
- Grevillea
- Grevillea robusta
- Grewia
- Mugilidae
- Turkey meat
- Landfill leachates
- Mechanical pulp
Pulp that has not been cooked or chemically treated. (source: NALT)
- Streptococcus agalactiae
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, cocci shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is positive for beta hemolysis, CAMP test, Lancefield group B and arginine deamination and negative for esculin hydrolysis, pyrrolidonylarylamidase and catalase. It can ferment trehalose and ribose but not mannitol or sorbitol. S. agalactiae is a commensal organism of the human gastrointestinal and female genital tracts and is a pathogen is humans causing opportunistic infections and neonatal sepsis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- group size
- Sowing date
- Regrowth
- Interleukins
- latewood
- Gryllus
- Oecanthus
- Teleogryllus
- Grylloblattodea
- Gryllotalpa
- Gryllotalpidae
- Scapteriscus
- Gryllus bimaculatus
- Gryon
- Scelionidae
- Guadua
- Guanine
A purine base that is a constituent of nucleotides occuring in nucleic acids. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Guanosine
A purine nucleoside formed from a beta-N9-glycosidic bond between guanine and a ribose ring and is essential for metabolism. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Paullinia cupana
- Guavas
- Psidium guajava
- Parthenium argentatum
- Moringa oleifera
- Niger seed
- gully erosion
- Gum arabic
- Gum tragacanth
- Gummosis
The exudation of gum, latex or sap from some fruit trees and sugar cane, which may be caused by insects, mechanical damage, disease microorganisms or unfavorable weather. (source: NALT)
- Xanthan gum
A polysaccharide that is derived from the fermentation of corn sugar. It is used as a thickening agent, emulsifier and stabilizer in a variety of food and nonfood products. (source: NALT)
- Triglidae
- Transpiration
Water discharged into the atmosphere from plant surfaces. (source: NALT)
- Nannizzia
- Gymnodinium
- Gymnosporangium
- Stigma
- Gypsiferous soils
- Gypsum
- Gypsophila paniculata
- Gyranusoidea tebygi
- Hernandiaceae
- Gyrodactylidae
- Gyrodactylus
- Gyrodactylus salaris
- Gyromitra
- Microhabitat
- Habronema
- Haemanthus
- Haemaphysalis longicornis
- Haemaphysalis punctata
- Haematobia
- Haematobia irritans
- haematoma
A collection of blood outside the blood vessels. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue. (source: NALT)
- Haematopinus
- Haematopinus suis
- Haematopota
- Haemonchus
- Haemonchus contortus
- Haemonchus placei
- Haemophilus
A genus of Gram-negative, pleomorphic, coccobacilli bacteria belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Haemophilus paragallinarum
- Haemophilus somnus
Nomenclature is somewhat confused; searchers may consider searching “Histophilus ovis” in addition to “Haemophilus somnus.” (source: NALT)
- Haemulon
- Pomadasys
- Hail
- precipitation
- Trichomes
- Root hairs
- Lycaenidae
- Vicia villosa
- Vigna luteola
- Halichoerus
- Halichoerus grypus
- Halictus
- Nomia
- Halichrysis
- Haliotis asinina
- Haliotis discus
- Haliotis diversicolor
- Haliotis fulgens
- Haliotis rufescens
- Haliotis tuberculata
- Organic halogen compounds
- polybrominated biphenyls
- Halophytes
- Soil salinity
The amount of soluble salts in a soil. (source: NALT)
- Myriophyllum
- Haloxyfop
- Hamamelis
- Liquidambar
- Platanaceae
- Manual harvesting
- Mortierella
- Haplosporidium
- Haplothrips
- Phalaris aquatica
- Hardwood
Generally one of the botanical groups of trees that have vessels or pores and broad leaves, in contrast to the conifers or softwoods. The term has no reference to the actual hardness of the wood. (source: NALT)
- Plywood
A glued wood panel made up of relatively thin layers of veneer with the grain of adjacent layers at right angles or of veneer in combination with a core of lumber or of reconstituted wood. The usual constructions have an odd number of layers. (source: NALT)
- hares
- Leporipoxvirus
- Harmonia axyridis
- Harposporium
- Zygaenidae
- Harrowing
- Harvest index
Grain weight as a percentage of total above-ground dry weight at maturity. (source: NALT)
- mechanical harvesting
- Hatcheries
Facilities for hatching chicks from eggs. (source: NALT)
- Haworthia
- Hydrotaea irritans
- sensation
- Sensory disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., vision, hearing, taste, and smell) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the peripheral nervous system). (source: NALT)
- heart ventricles
- Pericarditis
An inflammatory process affecting the pericardium. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Heartwood
- Heat
- Heat transfer
- Specific heat
The ratio of the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance 1 degree Celsius to the heat required to raise the temperature of an equal mass of water 1 degree Celsius. (source: NALT)
- Heat shock proteins
- Thermal properties
- Lead
Be in charge of; a position of leadership. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mercury
An element with atomic symbol Hg, atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59; a heavy, silvery-white metal, liquid at room temperature, a rather poor conductor of heat and a fair conductor of electricity. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Thallium
An element with atomic symbol Tl, atomic number 81, and atomic weight 204.383. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Tin
- Hebe
- Hedera helix
- Hedysarum coronarium
- Onobrychis viciifolia
- Helianthus tuberosus
- Tithonia rotundifolia
- Helix
A twisted curved structure such as a coil spring or corkscrew. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Helicobacter
A genus of gram-negative helical, curved, or straight microaerophilic bacteria with rounded ends and multiple sheathed flagella (unipolar or bipolar and lateral) with terminal bulbs. Form nonpigmented, translucent colonies, 1-2 mm in diameter. Catalase and oxidase positive. Found in gastric mucosa of primates, including human beings and ferrets. Some species are associated with gastric and peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. The type species is Helicobacter pylori. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Heliconia
- Heliconiaceae
- Helicotylenchus
- Helicotylenchus dihystera
- Helicotylenchus multicinctus
- Helicoverpa
- Helicoverpa armigera
- Heliothis virescens
- Nippostrongylus
- Heligmosomoides
- Heligmosomoides polygyrus
- Peptococcus
A genus of anaerobic, Gram positive, cocci shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Firmicutes and the family Peptococcaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Heliothis subflexa
- Heliothrips
- Helix aspersa
- Helix pomatia
- Helleborus
- Hellula phidilealis
- Helminthosporium
- Helminthosporium solani
- Helopeltis
- Helopeltis antonii
- Lachnellula
- Leptotrochila
- Monilinia
- Ovulinia
- Pezicula
- Phacidium
- Pseudopeziza
- Pyrenopeziza
- Sclerotinia
- Stromatinia
- Helvella
- Hemarthria
- Polyvidone
- medical sciences
- Hemerobius
- Micromus
- Hemerocallis
- Orgyia
- Hemicellulose
- Hemileia
- Hemileia vastatrix
- Hemileuca
- Saissetia coffeae
- haemoglobinuria
The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine, indicating hemolysis of erythrocytes within the vascular system. (source: NALT)
- Orobanche ramosa
- Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver. (source: NALT)
Inflammation of the liver; usually from a viral infection, but sometimes from toxic agents. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Wiseana
- Heracleum sosnowskyi
- Herbaceous plants
- Herbal teas
- Herbicidal properties
- Ioxynil
- Lenacil
- Mefluidide
- Metoxuron
- Nitralin
- Nitrofen
A white, crystalline, solid, combustible, chlorinated compound. Nitrofen was used as an herbicide, but is no longer used or manufactured in the United States. Exposure to nitrofen irritates the skin, eyes and respiratory tract and affects the blood and central nervous system. This substance is teratogenic and carcinogenic in animals and is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. (NCI05) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Oryzalin
- Oxadiazon
- Oxyfluorfen
- Paraquat
- Pendimethalin
- Perfluidone
- Pyridate
- Terbacil
- Trifluralin
- mint
- Oregano
- Parsley
- Rosemary
- Sage
- Savory
- tarragon
- Thyme
- Heritability
The degree of variation in a trait that is genetically transmissible from parent to offspring. (source: NALT)
- hermaphroditism
- Pseudohermaphroditism
Congenital condition in which a person has internal gonads (testes or ovaries) of one sex and external physical characteristics of the other sex. (source: NALT)
- Thymelicus
- Mayetiola destructor
- Heterakidae
- Heterakis
- Heterocampa
- Notodontidae
- Piperonyl butoxide
A synthetic derivative of benzodioxole and used as an insecticide synergist, Piperonyl Butoxide enhances the active properties of pyrethrin, pyrethroid, rotenone, and carbamate pesticide ingredients by inhibiting insect microsomal enzyme detoxification activity. It is toxic and suspected of causing anorexia, carcinogenesis, convulsions, and dermal irritation, as well as hepatic and renal damage. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Heterodera
- Heterodera avenae
- Heterodera carotae
- Heterodera glycines
- Heterodera goettingiana
- Heterodera schachtii
- Heterodera trifolii
- Heteronychus
- Heteronychus arator
- Metagonimus
- Heteropneustes
- Heteropneustidae
- Heteropneustes fossilis
- Heteropogon
- Heteropsylla
- Heteropsylla cubana
- Heterorhabditis
- Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
- Heterorhabditis heliothidis
- Hybrid vigour
The adaptive superiority of the heterozygous genotype with respect to one or more characters in comparison with the corresponding homozygote. (source: NALT)
- Insectivores
- Omnivores
- Saprophytes
Use for plants, fungi or other microorganisms living on dead or decaying organic matter; for fauna that feed on dead or decaying organic matter USE detritivores; for insects feeding on dead animals USE carrion insects. (source: NALT)
- Hevea brasiliensis
- hexaploids
- Insecta
Includes taxonomic classification of Insecta; For common types SEE insects. (source: NALT)
- Hexazinone
- Sorbose
- Hibernation
- Hibiscus
- Hibiscus rosa sinensis
- Hibiscus sabdariffa
- Hibiscus syriacus
- Deccan hemp
- Hides and skins
- Vaccinium corymbosum
- Upland soils
- Paspalum conjugatum
- Hippeastrum
- Hippobosca
- Lipoptena
- Melophagus
- Syngnathidae
- Hippoglossoides
- Hippoglossus
- Hippopotamuses
- Hirschmanniella
- Pratylenchidae
- Hirschmanniella oryzae
- Hirsutella
- Hirsutella thompsonii
- Teretriosoma
- Histomonas
- Histomoniasis
- Histones
- Histoplasma
A genus of microscopic fungus that causes the disease histoplasmosis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Histoplasmosis
A disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. It primarily affects the lungs but can also occur as a disseminated disease that affects additional organs. The acute respiratory disease has symptoms similar to those of a cold or flu and it usually resolves without treatment in healthy individuals. The disseminated form is generally fatal if untreated. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Hodotermes
- Isoptera
- Hoeing
- Macruronus novaezelandiae
- Holcus
- Quercus ilex
- Stratigraphic soil types
- Holotrichia (coleoptera)
- Homarus
- Homarus americanus
- Homarus gammarus
- Vegetable growing
- homeostasis
The body’s maintenance of a consistent internal environment within a narrow range of variation. It is important to the continuation of life. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Physiological regulation
- Homocysteine
An amino acid derivative and homolog of cysteine containing an additional methylene bridge. Homocysteine is a product of methionine metabolism and elevated plasma levels are associated with cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer disease and several metabolic diseases. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Homoeosoma
- Homoeosoma electellum
- Homona
- homoserine
- Homosexuality
A sexual attraction to members of the same sex. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mead
A fermented beverage made of honey, water and yeast. (source: NALT)
- Hooves
- Phorodon humuli
- Hoplocampa
- Hoplolaimus
- Rotylenchulus
- Rotylenchus
- Scutellonema
- Hoplolaimus galeatus
- Hoplostethus atlanticus
- Humulus lupulus
- Hordein
- Hordeum
- Hordeum chilense
- Juvenile hormones
- Siricidae
- Horse meat
- Racehorses
- Stallions
- Nut crops
- Insect control
- Parasitism
- Hosta
- Intermediate hosts
- Warm season
- Musca domestica
- Hovenia
- HT-2 toxin
- Hucho
- Nut products
- Roses
- hygiene
The science concerned with the prevention of illness and maintenance of health. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Human immunodeficiency virus
The virus isolated and recognized as the etiologic agent of AIDS. HIV-1 is classified as a lentivirus, a subtype of retroviruses. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Leadership
- Enterovirus
A genus of single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses containing a single RNA molecule. The viral particles are not enveloped and are icosahedral in structure. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Humic acids
- Humerus
The upper arm bone between the shoulder and elbow. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Humicola
- Humid tropics
- humidity
Library of Congress sh85062931
A measure of the water vapor content of air. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- relative humidity
- hummingbirds
- Megaptera novaeangliae
- Lumbricus rubellus
- hurricanes
- Lablab purpureus
- Hyacinthus
- Lipaphis erysimi
- Hyalomma
- Hyalomma anatolicum
- Hyalomma dromedarii
- Peronospora parasitica
- Hyalophora
- Violaceae
- Hyblaea
- Hyblaeidae
- Hyblaea puera
- Hybomitra
- Intergeneric hybridization
- Interspecific hybridization
- Introgression
The incorporation of genes of one species, which is not completely reproductively isolated, into the gene pool of another by interspecific hybridization and backcrossing to the parental species. Natural introgression is rare and hybrids are less well adapted than the parental species. (source: NALT)
- Somatic hybridization
- Hydrangea
- Philadelphus
- Root hydraulic conductivity
- Hydraulic conductivity
- water management
- Weirs
- Wells
- Phosphine
- Hydrilla
- Hydrochaeridae
- Hydrochloric acid
- Tritium
Tritium is the radioactive isotope of hydrogen (H) that has a mass number of 3, having one proton and two neutrons. (source: NALT)
- Hydrogen peroxide
- water balance
- Hydrophobicity
Having a strong tendency to repel water. (source: NALT)
- Phacelia
- hydroponics
The growing of plants in a soilless environment where nutrients are provided by the application of nutrient solutions. (source: NALT)
- Soilless culture
- Salviniaceae
- Hydrotaea
- Hydrotropism
- Sodium hydroxide
- Hylastes
- Hylesia
- Hylobius abietis
- Hylobius pales
- Sphinx
- Hylotrupes bajulus
- Hylurgopinus
- Hylurgopinus rufipes
- Hymenachne
- Hymenocallis
- Rhizopogon
- Hymenolepis
- Hymenolepis diminuta
- Hymenolepis nana
- Ibaliidae
- Leucospidae
- Perilampidae
- Pompilidae
- Torymidae
- Trichogrammatidae
- Xiphydriidae
- Hyoscyamus
- Hyostrongylus
- Hyostrongylus rubidus
- Hyparrhenia
- thatching grass
- Hypena
- Hypericum perforatum
An herbal extract prepared from the plant Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) with photodynamic, antineoplastic, and antidepressant activities. Hypericin, one of the active compounds found in Hypericum perforatum, is a photosensitizer that, when exposed to a particular wavelength and intensity of light, may induce tumor cell apoptosis. Another compound, hyperforin, induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in certain tumor cell lines. Hypericum perforatum preparations may also stimulate the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein drug transporters, resulting in increased metabolism and decreased efficacy of various chemotherapeutic agents and other drugs. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the ITIS link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
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- Water uptake
- Hypermastigida
- Hyperparasitism
Parasitism in which a secondary parasite parasitizes a previously existing (primary) parasite in a host. (source: NALT)
- Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate. (source: NALT)
Overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in overproduction of thyroid hormone and increased metabolic rate. Causes include diffuse hyperplasia of the thyroid gland (Graves’ disease), single nodule in the thyroid gland, and thyroiditis. The symptoms are related to the increased metabolic rate and include weight loss, fatigue, heat intolerance, excessive sweating, diarrhea, tachycardia, insomnia, muscle weakness, and tremor. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Kabatiella
- Malassezia
Genus of fungi which causes skin disease. (source: NALT)
- Metarhizium
- Microdochium
- Microsporum
Genus of fungi which causes mycoses in humans and animals. (source: NALT)
- Monilia
- Mycocentrospora
- Mycogone
Genus of fungus that is pathogenic on cultivated mushroom. (source: NALT)
- Mycovellosiella
- Myrothecium
- Nigrospora
- Nomuraea
- Oidiopsis
- Oidium
- Ozonium
- Paecilomyces
- Paracoccidioides
- Periconia
- Periconiella
- Phaeoisariopsis
- Phaeoramularia
- Phaeotrichoconis
- Phialophora
- Phymatotrichopsis
- Pithomyces
- Pleiochaeta
- Polyscytalum
- Pseudocercospora
- Pseudocercosporella
- Pyricularia
- Ramularia
- Ramulispora
- Rhodotorula
- Rhynchosporium
- Sarocladium
- Scopulariopsis
- Scytalidium
- Spilocaea
- Sporidesmins
- Sporobolomyces
- Sporothrix
- Sporotrichum
- Stachybotrys
- Stachylidium
- Stemphylium
- Thielaviopsis
- Tolypocladium
- Torula
- Trichoderma
- Trichosporon
A genus of yeasts in the family Trichosporonaceae and phylum Basidiomycota. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Trichothecium
- Tritirachium
- Ustilaginoidea
- Verticillium
- Nectria
- Neocosmospora
- Sphaerostilbe
- Hypoderma
- Yponomeuta
- Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
- Hyposoter
- Hyposoter exiguae
- Hypotension
Abnormally low blood pressure that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. (source: NALT)
Blood pressure that is abnormally low. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Hypothenemus
- Hypothyroidism
Library of Congress sh85063828
Abnormally low levels of thyroid hormone. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- virulence
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its virulence factors. (source: NALT)
- Hypoxanthine
A purine-based organic compound in human muscle tissues, Hypoxanthine is formed during purine catabolism as a product of xanthine oxidase action on xanthine, and occasionally is found as a constituent of nucleic acids. The potent anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of purines may be mediated by cell surface adenosine receptors. Hypoxanthine protects against oxidant-induced cell injury by inhibiting activation of nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Hypoxis
- Hypoxylon
- Hypoxylon mammatum
- Hypsipyla
- Hypsipyla grandella
- Hyptis
- Hysterectomy
A surgical procedure to remove the uterine body (partial hysterectomy) or the uterine body and cervix (total hysterectomy). Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ictaluridae
- Ictalurus
- Immunoglobulins
- Iguanas
- Ileum
The final section of the small intestine. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ilex crenata
- Ilex paraguariensis
- Illex
- Illex argentinus
- Illex illecebrosus
- Illicium
- Illicium verum
- Illitic soils
- Imazapyr
- Imidacloprid
- Pilocarpine
The hydrochloride salt of a natural alkaloid extracted from plants of the genus Pilocarpus with cholinergic agonist activity. As a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent, pilocarpine predominantly binds to muscarinic receptors, thereby inducing exocrine gland secretion and stimulating smooth muscle in the bronchi, urinary tract, biliary tract, and intestinal tract. When applied topically to the eye, this agent stimulates the sphincter pupillae to contract, resulting in miosis; stimulates the ciliary muscle to contract, resulting in spasm of accomodation; and may cause a transitory rise in intraocular pressure followed by a more persistent fall due to opening of the trabecular meshwork and an increase in the outflow of aqueous humor. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Radioimmunoassay
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an immunological technique, which quantitatively determines antigen and antibody concentrations, using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand), either directly or indirectly. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Immunoblotting
- Immunochemistry
The field of chemistry concerned with chemical processes in immunology (such as chemical studies of antigens and antibodies). Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Immunocytes
- Immunodiffusion tests
- Interferons
Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions. (source: NALT)
- Neutralization tests
- Immunostimulants
- Impatiens walleriana
- Imperata
- In vitro regeneration
- inactivated vaccines
Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins. (source: NALT)
- Recilia dorsalis
- Inbred lines
- Inbreeding depression
- Incurvariidae
- Ziziphus mauritiana
- Plodia interpunctella
- Indium
An element with atomic symbol In, atomic number 49, and atomic weight 114.8; a very soft, silvery-white metal with a brilliant lustre. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Strychnine
- Yohimbine
- Skatole
- Industrial wastes
- Infarction
Formation of an infarct, which is necrosis in tissue due to local ischemia resulting from obstruction of blood circulation, most commonly by a thrombus or embolus. (source: NALT)
A localized pathological necrosis of tissue resulting from obstruction of the blood supply usually by a thrombus, an embolus, or vascular torsion. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Influenzavirus
Use for the genus Influenzavirus A; do not confuse with species Influenza A virus. (source: NALT)
Any of the viruses capable of causing the respiratory tract infection commonly called the flu. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mineral metabolism
- Nitrification inhibitors
- Soil injection
- Nitric acid
- Ozone
- Molybdates
- Permanganates
- Swarming
- swarms
- Sex pheromones
- Metamorphosis
- Mass rearing
- Iridovirus
A genus of Iridoviridae comprising small iridescent insect viruses. The infected larvae and purified virus pellets exhibit a blue to purple iridescence. (source: NALT)
- Insecticidal properties
- Vamidothion
- Talpidae
- Predatory insects
- Orius insidiosus
- Solar radiation
- integrated land management
- Pest monitoring
- sweating
A watery secretion by the sweat glands that is primarily composed of salt, urea and minerals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Plasmodesmata
Cytoplasmic bridges between neighboring cells in plant tissues. (source: NALT)
- Quercus wislizenii
- Soil water movement
- Internodes
- Nutrient uptake
- introns
- Organoiodine compounds
- Ipomoea batatas
- Ipomoea carnea
- Ipomoea lacunosa
- Ipomoea pes caprae
- Sweet potatoes
- Ipomopsis
- Ips
- Ips acuminatus
- Ips avulsus
- Ips calligraphus
- Ips pini
- Ips sexdentatus
- Ips typographus
- Pityogenes chalcographus
- Orthotomicus erosus
- Ixia
- Tigridia
- Iridoids
- secoiridoids
- Soil conditioners
- Irrigation water
- Irrigation rates
- Irrigation scheduling
- Water requirements
- Mist irrigation
- Overhead irrigation
- Runoff irrigation
- Subsurface irrigation
- Surface irrigation
- Wastewater irrigation
- Irvingia
- Iryanthera
- Myristicaceae
- Phaeoisariopsis griseola
- Ischaemum
- Ischnopsyllidae
- Iseilema
- Islands
- Isoelectric point
The pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum. (source: NALT)
The pH at which a molecule in solution has no net charge and does not migrate in an electric field. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Isofenphos
- Pisatin
- Isoprenoids
- Isoproturon
- Isospora suis
- Istiophoridae
- Makaira
- Isurus
- Pinus pinea
- Rottboellia cochinchinensis
- Sarcoptes scabiei
- Ixodes holocyclus
- Ixodes ricinus
- Rhipicephalus
- Ixora
- Pinus banksiana
- Jaggery
- Jams
- Seriola quinqueradiata
- Popillia japonica
- Pinus thunbergii
- Lonicera japonica
- Prunus salicina
- Pinus densiflora
- Lateolabrax japonicus
- Nicotiana alata
- Jasminum
- Jasmonic acid
- Jasus
- Jasus edwardsii
- Pinus jeffreyi
- Jejunum
The portion of the small intestine that extends from the duodenum to the ileum. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Paratuberculosis
- Sorghum halepense
- Synovitis
Inflammation of a synovial membrane. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Jojoba
- Juglans
- Walnuts
- Pumping
- Juncaceae
- Juncus
- Juniperus virginiana
- Ludwigia
- Juvenile wood
Inner core of xylem surrounding the pith. The cells are smaller and less structurally developed than those of the outer xylem. The time during which juvenile wood is formed is termed the juvenile phase. (source: NALT)
- Methoprene
- Precocenes
- Kaempferia
- Kairomones
- Melaleuca leucadendron
Use for Melaleuca leucadendra L. or for no author designation ; For Melaleuca leucadendra auct. USE Melaleuca cajuputi. (source: NALT)
- Kalanchoe blossfeldiana
- Kalotermes
- Piper methysticum
- Keiferia lycopersicella
- Poa pratensis
- Trifolium semipilosum
- Kermes
- Kerria lacca
- Levulinic acid
- Pyruvic acid
- Ketosis
A metabolic disease characterized by an elevated concentration of ketone bodies in body tissues and fluids. (source: NALT)
- Trogoderma granarium
- Khaya
- Khuskia
- Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the kidney without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. (source: NALT)
- Pennisetum clandestinum
- Protein kinase
A class of phosphotransferase proteins that posttranslationally modify protein substrates through the addition of phosphate groups. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Kinematics
A branch of mechanics that deals with motion (of an object) without concern for mass or the forces that cause the motion. (source: NALT)
- Salvia officinalis
- Kluyveromyces fragilis
- Kluyveromyces marxianus
A dimorphic, homothallic and hemiascomycetous yeast in the phylum Ascomycota. This species is respiro-fermentative, Crabtree negative, thermotolerant, and assimilate lactose and insulin. This species also has a characteristically high growth rate and secretory capacity. K. marxianus is a biocatalyst and used industrially to produce beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, inulinase, and polygalacturonases. It is also used as baker’s yeast and an anticholesterolemic agent. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Red hot pokers
- Mice
- Paspalum distichum
- Paspalum scrobiculatum
- Koeleria
- Pinus koraiensis
- Zoysia japonica
- Kraft paper
- Krill
- Kwashiorkor
A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, usually in children, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver. (source: NALT)
- Protein deficiencies
- Pennisetum pedicellatum
- Labeo rohita
- Labidura
- Labidura riparia
- Labridae
- Pinus bungeana
- Lacertidae
- Varanidae
- Lizards
- Phyllophaga anxia
- Malacosoma neustria
- Lactalbumin
- Lactic acid
- Lactation duration
- Lactation number
- Lactobacillus
A genus of Gram-positive facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lactococcus
A genus of Gram positive, cocci shaped, lactic acid bacterium assigned to the phylum Firmicutes and the family Streptococcaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Leuconostoc
A genus of gram-positive, nonmotile cocci in the phylum Firmicutes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pediococcus
A genus of Gram positive, cocci shaped, lactic acid bacterium assigned to the phylum Firmicutes and the family Lactobacillaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Oenococcus
- Lactobacillus acidophilus
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is nonmotile, homofermentative, indole negative, produces vitamin K, lactase and amylase and does not ferment mannitol. L. acidophilus is a commensal organism of the gastrointestinal tract, mouth and vagina with probiotic activity. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lactobacillus fermentum
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is nonmotile, ferments L arabinose, esculin and sucrose, catalase negative and alpha galactosidase positive. L. fermentum is a commensal organism of the urogenital tract with probiotic activity. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lactobacillus helveticus
- Lactobacillus plantarum
- Lactobacillus sake
- Lactoferrin
- Prolactin
- Lactoglobulins
- limonin
- Zearalenone
- Zeranol
- Lactoperoxidase
- Lactuca indica
- Lactuca serriola
- Lakes
- Tropilaelaps
- Lagenidiales
- Oomycetes
Formerly classed in the Mastigomycotina with the Hyphochytridiomycota and Chytridiomycetes in the Kingdom Fungi, the Oomycetes are eukaryotes whose classification is under review. (source: NALT)
- Lagenidium
- Lagerstroemia
- Lagopus
- Salvelinus namaycush
- Vicunas
- Lamb meat
- Lambs
- Lambda-cyhalothrin
- Lamium
- Lavandula
- Melissa
- Mentha
- Nepeta
- Ocimum
- Origanum
- Perilla
- Pogostemon
- Rosmarinus
- Salvia
- Satureja
- Scutellaria
- Sideritis
- Solenostemon
- Teucrium
- Laminaria
- Undaria
- Odontaspididae
- Scyliorhinidae
- Lampetra
- Petromyzontidae
- Salvia reflexa
- Land classification
- Land evaluation
- Land productivity
- land suitability
- Watershed management
- Rural areas
- Suburban areas
- Land use planning
- Zoning
- National parks
An area of land and/or sea usually owned and administered by a national government and is protected from human exploitation and development. The area is intended to provide environmentally and culturally sensitive scientific, educational and recreational opportunities. (source: NALT)
- Landfills
- Foothills
Land area at or near the base of a mountain or mountain range. (source: NALT)
- Reefs
long ridges of rock or sand at or near the water’s surface. (source: NALT)
- Steppes
- terraces
Natural or manmade landforms which run perpendicular to the slope and are bordered on one side by a steep ascending slope and on the other side by a steep descending slope. (source: NALT)
- Volcanoes
- Landslides
- Lantana
- Lantana camara
- Laparotomy
technique of surgical incision of abdominal wall at any point; usually exploratory (source: NALT)
Creation of a surgical opening into the abdominal cavity. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Spodoptera
- Pristiphora erichsonii
- Rendering
The process of subjecting animal carcasses and parts, especially fatty tissues, to grinding, extraction, heat or other treatments to melt out the fats and convert them into meat byproducts. (source: NALT)
- Oncopeltus fasciatus
- Prostephanus truncatus
- Larix
- Larix eurolepis
- Larix laricina
- Larix occidentalis
- Larix sibirica
- Larrea
- Syrinx
The vocal organ of a bird that is located in the lower portion of the larynx. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Malacosoma
- Lateolabrax
- Lates calcarifer
- Lates niloticus
- Latheticus
- Lathraea
- Lathyrus ochrus
- Lathyrus tingitanus
- Latoia
- Limacodidae
- Latrodectus
- Laurus
- Ocotea
- Persea
- Sassafras
- Salix pentandra
- Thatch
A layer of dead grass in a stand of grass. (source: NALT)
- Lawsonia (Lythraceae)
- Lawsonia inermis
- Layered soils
- Losses from soil
- Leaf area index
The total area of the upper surface of leaves per unit area of ground that is directly below the plant. (source: NALT)
- Leaf conductance
- leaf primordia
- Leaf protein
- Leaf protein concentrate
- Leaf water potential
- Water potential
The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, which is dependent of solute concentration and applied pressure. (source: NALT)
- Petioles
- Phyllosphere
The three-dimensional microenvironment surrounding a leaf. (source: NALT)
- Poecilia reticulata
- Ricin
A highly toxic protein phytotoxin lectin and hemagglutin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally. It has N-glycosidase activity that cleaves 28S rRNA, halting protein synthesis; extreme cytotoxicity makes ricin an attractive candidate for artificial fusion with binding proteins to create cell-type-specific toxins. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lecythis
- Leersia
- Legionella
A genus of Gram-negative aerobic, motile, nonacid fast, nonencapsulated, gram-negative bacilli that have a nonfermentative metabolism in the phylum Proteobacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Legionella pneumophila
A species of aerobic, gram negative, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile by flagella, nonacid fast, pleomorphic, nonencapsulated, nonfermentative, urease negative and oxidase and catalase positive. L. pneumophila is pathogenic, being the causative agent of legionellosis or Legionnaires disease. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Soy protein
- Lentils
- Legumin
- Leguminivora
- Leishmania
- Leishmania donovani
- Leishmania infantum
- Lemna
- Lemna gibba
- Spirodela
- Wolffia
- lemurs
- Lens culinaris
- Lentibulariaceae
- Lentinula edodes
- Lentinus lepideus
- Visna maedi virus
- Lepeophtheirus salmonis
- Lepidium meyenii
- Micropterygidae
- Nepticulidae
- Papilionidae
- Thaumetopoeidae
- Xyloryctidae
- Lepidopus
- Trichiuridae
- Lepidosaphes beckii
- Lepidosaphes ulmi
- Lepisosteidae
- Lepisosteiformes
- Oryctolagus
- rabbits
- Leptin
A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the central nervous system in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage. (source: NALT)
Leptin (167 aa, ~16 kDa) is encoded by the human LEP gene. This protein is secreted by adipocytes and plays a role in the regulation of both appetite and body fat stores. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Leptocorisa oratorius
- Leptographium
- Leptophos
- Leptosphaeria maculans
- Leptosphaeria nodorum
- Leptospira
A genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, flexible, spiral-shaped, spirochete with internal flagella in the phylum Spirochaetes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Leptothrium
- Leptotrombidium
- Rhyzopertha dominica
- Lethrinidae
- Lethrinus
- Leucaena
- Leucaena leucocephala
- Mythimna
- Mythimna separata
- Leucojum
- Leucojum aestivum
- Leucoma
- Leuconostoc lactis
A species of facultatively anaerobic, gram positive, cocci shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is nonmotile, catalase and oxidase negative, produces acid from lactose and does not hydrolyze esculin. L. lactis is not a normal colonizer of humans and may be an opportunistic pathogenic. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Leuconostoc mesenteroides
A species of facultatively anaerobic, gram positive, cocci shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is nonmotile, catalase and oxidase negative, produces acid from arabinose, raffinose and trehalose and hydrolyzes esculin. L. mesenteroides is usually nonpathogenic and is used as a starter culture for the fermentation of cabbage during sauerkraut production. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Oenococcus oeni
- Perileucoptera coffeella
- Leucospermum
- Leucospermum cordifolium
- Monocytes
- Thiazoles
- Lewisia
- Leymus
- Libido
Sexual urge or desire. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Life tables
- Phototoxicity
The adverse condition due to overexposure to light. (source: NALT)
A nonimmunologic, chemically induced type of photosensitivity. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Light requirements
- Lignans
- Lignification
- Polyphenols
- Ligninolytic microorganisms
- Syringa
- Ligustrum
- Lilium
- Nerine
- Pancratium
- Polygonatum
- Scilla
- Trillium
- Tulipa
- Veratrum
- Zephyranthes
- Stemonaceae
- Taccaceae
- Velloziaceae
- Pandanales
- Civet beans
- Parasa
- Limanda
- Metacarpus
- Metatarsus
- Phalanges
The bones of the fingers or toes. (source: NALT)
- Radius (bone)
- Tibia
A bone located between the femur and the tarsus, being part of the lower leg. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ulna
One of the bones that comprise the forearm. The largest aspect articulates with the humerus at the elbow joint and the smallest portion of the ulna articulates with the carpal bones in the wrist. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Liming
- Limnanthes
- Limnanthes alba
- Limonium
- Limonium sinuatum
- Limonius californicus
- Limulidae
- Limulus
- Linaceae
- Linum
- Linognathus
- Solenopotes
- Linognathus vituli
- Linuron
- Lipeurus
- Lipolysis
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Ornithonyssus
- Ornithonyssus sylviarum
- Lippia
- Liquidambar styraciflua
- Liriodendron
- Magnoliaceae
- Liriodendron tulipifera
- Liriomyza bryoniae
- Liriomyza huidobrensis
- Liriomyza sativae
- Liriomyza trifolii
- Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus
- Litchi chinensis
- Paralithodes
- Loess soils
- Serpentine soils
- Volcanic soils
- Lithospermum erythrorhizon
- Litomosoides
- Litomosoides carinii
- Tilia cordata
- Plantaginaceae
- Littorina
- Littorina littorea
- Quercus virginiana
- microsomes
Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. (source: NALT)
- Lixophaga
- Lixophaga diatraeae
- Loam soils
- Loasaceae
- Lobesia
- Lobesia botrana
- Pinus taeda
- Locomotion
Use for the movement of an organism from place to place; for the manner or style of walking/running of humans and animals USE gait. (source: NALT)
- Locusta migratoria
- Lodging
The condition of a plant, especially a cereal, that has been flattened in the field or damaged so that it cannot stand upright by weather conditions or because the stem is not strong enough to support the plant. (source: NALT)
- Logs
individual pieces of roundwood. (source: NALT)
- Strychnos
- Roundwood
solid wood that is in the round state. This term is also used for the volume of logs required to produce a given quantity of lumber, panels, pulp, paper or other wood products. (source: NALT)
- Sawlogs
A log large enough to be sawed economically into boards on a sawmill. Sawlogs are usually at least 8 inches in diameter at the small end. (source: NALT)
- Veneer logs
- Loligo
- Lolium
- Lolium perenne
- Lolium rigidum
- oleic acid
Do not confuse octadecenoic acid (oleic acid) with octadecanoic acid (stearic acid). (source: NALT)
- Palmitic acid
A saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone. Palmitic acid is found naturally in palm oil and palm kernel oil, as well as in butter, cheese, milk and meat. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Stearic acid
Do not confuse octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) with octadecenoic acid (oleic acid). (source: NALT)
A saturated long-chain fatty acid with an 18-carbon backbone. Stearic acid is found in various animal and plant fats, and is a major component of cocoa butter and shea butter. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Piper longum
- Longidoridae
- Longidorus
- Xiphinema
- Longidorus elongatus
- Oryza longistaminata
- Lophiidae
- Lophiiformes
- Lophius
- Lophira
- Ochnaceae
- Lophodermium
- Pyrilla
- Lophotrichus
- Lotononis bainesii
- Procambarus clarkii
- Lovoa
- Vaccinium angustifolium
- Loxosceles
- Lucilia cuprina
- Lucilia sericata
- Luffa acutangula
- Lumbricus
- Phosphorescence
- Muellerius capillaris
- Lupinus albus
- Lupinus angustifolius
- Lupinus mutabilis
- lutein
Lutein (LOO-teen) is a oxygenated carotenoid found in vegetables and fruits. lutein is found in the macula of the eye, where it is believed to act as a yellow filter. Lutein acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells against the damaging effects of free radicals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Luteoviruses
- Lutjanidae
- Lutjanus
- Ocyurus
- Lutjanus campechanus
- Lutzomyia
- Phlebotominae
- Lutzomyia longipalpis
- Lycium
- Lycium chinense
- Lycoperdon
- Tomatoes
- Lycopodiales
- Lycoriella
- Lycoriella mali
- Lycosa
- Lycosa pseudoannulata
- Lyctus
- Lyctus brunneus
- Lydella
- Lydella thompsoni
- Lygaeus
- Oncopeltus
- Lygocoris
- Lygus
- Lygus hesperus
- Lygus lineolaris
- Lymantria
- Lymantria monacha
- Lymnaea
- Lymph nodes
- Lymphangitis
Inflammation of lymphatic vessels. (source: NALT)
- Splenic diseases
- Thoracic duct
- Lymphosarcoma
An antiquated term referring to non-Hodgkin lymphomas composed of small and medium sized lymphocytes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Lyonetia
- Perileucoptera
- Lysiloma
- proviruses
Duplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology. (source: NALT)
- Rabies virus
A species of enveloped, rod- or bullet-shaped viruses in the Rhabdoviridae family and Lyssavirus genus. The genome is composed of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA. Rabies viruses are neurotropic and zoonotic. They are found in mammals and humans and causes acute infection of the central nervous system, neural degeneration, and fatal encephalitis in humans. Rabies viruses are transmitted via direct contact with saliva from infected animal or human bites. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Punica
- Macadamia
- Macadamia ternifolia
- Macadamia tetraphylla
- Macadamia nuts
- Mace
- Myristica fragrans
- Mechanical weed control
- Maconellicoccus
- Seaweed products
- Macrobrachium
- Macrobrachium rosenbergii
- Macrocheles
- Macrochelidae
- Tylosin
Macrolide antibiotic obtained from cultures of Streptomyces fradiae. The drug is effective against many microorganisms in animals but not in humans. (source: NALT)
- Macrolophus
- Macronyssidae
- Macrophomina phaseolina
- Piper
- Macropus
- Soil pore system
- Siratro
- Macroptilium lathyroides
- Macrosiphum euphorbiae
- Macrosiphum rosae
- Macrotermes
- Macrozamia
- Spisula
- Madhuca
- Magicicada septendecim
- Magnaporthe
- Michelia
- Plumbaginales
- Polygonales
- Prunus mahaleb
- Sitophilus zeamais
- Origanum majorana
- Pterocarpus marsupium
- Myristica
- Mysidacea
- Malathion
A synthetic phosphorous compound and cholinesterase inhibitor that is strictly used as a topical pediculicide. Malathion exerts its action on the nervous system of the lice by irreversibly inhibiting the activity of cholinesterase, thereby allowing acetylcholine to accumulate at cholinergic synapses and enhancing cholinergic receptor stimulation. This eventually leads to the head lice’s death. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Orchitis
Inflammation of one or both testes due to viral or bacterial infections. Signs and symptoms include enlargement or tenderness of the affected testis, inguinal lymphadenopathy, blood in the semen, and pain during urination, intercourse, or ejaculation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Penis
The male organ of urination and copulation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Scrotum
The musculocutaneous pouch that encloses the testicles. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Spermatic cord
A tube-like structure composed of the vas deferens and surrounding tissue layers, that runs from the abdomen to each of the testicles. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Maleic acid
- Rams
- stags
- Maliarpha
- Osmeridae
- Malpighia
- Malpighia glabra
- Maltotriose
- Malus
- Malus baccata
- Malva
- Pavonia
- Sida
- Thespesia
- Urena
- Wissadula
- moles
- Shrews
- Skunks
- Mammomonogamus
- Trichechus
- Manduca
- Manduca sexta
- Mange
- Psoroptic mange
- Mangifera indica
- Mangoes
- Rastrococcus invadens
- Swamps
Wetlands dominated by woody vegetation but without appreciable peat deposits. Swamps may be fresh or salt water and tidal or non-tidal. (source: NALT)
- Rhizophora
- Manilkara
- Mansonia (sterculiaceae)
- Maranta
- Mare milk
- Matsucoccus
- Seals
- Pinus pinaster
- Marmalades
- Marshes
Wetlands that do not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and are dominated by herbaceous vegetation. (source: NALT)
- Rhynchosporium secalis
- Solifluction
- Subsidence
- Nardus stricta
- Weathering
The natural exposure of a material to atmospheric and climatic factors such as wind, rain, temperature changes, solar or ultraviolet light, oxygen, humidity, or airborne biological and chemical agents. Use for materials; For soils USE soil weathering; For organisms USE environmental exposure. (source: NALT)
- Outbreeding
- Random mating
- Matsucoccus feytaudi
- maximum residue limits
- Mayonnaise
- Philaenus spumarius
- Meat meal
- Soybean meal
- Mutton
Meat from sheep that are over one year old. (source: NALT)
- Rabbit meat
- Meat extracts
- Minced meat
- Smoked meat
- Velocity
- Vibration
- Medicago polymorpha
- Medicago scutellata
- Salvia aethiopis
- Myristic acid
A saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 14-carbon backbone. Myristic acid is found naturally in palm oil, coconut oil and butter fat. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Mespilus germanica
- medroxyprogesterone
A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator. (source: NALT)
A synthetic derivative of progesterone administered as an acetate salt (medroxyprogesterone acetate) with antiestrogenic activity. As a do all progestins, medroxyprogesterone binds to and activates nuclear receptors which subsequently bind to and activate target genes for transcription. As an antiestrogen, this agent may inhibit the growth-stimulating effects of estrogen on estrogen-sensitive tumor cells. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- myelin sheath
The lipid-rich sheath surrounding axons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (Schwann cells in the peripheral and oligodendroglia in the central nervous system). (source: NALT)
A layer of phospholipids and protein found on neuronal axons. This structure acts as an electrical insulator that allows nerve impulses to travel faster by increasing the resistance and decreasing the capacitance over that found in unmyelinated nerve fibers. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Megaselia
- Megaselia halterata
- Megasphaera
A genus of anaerobic, Gram negative, cocci shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Firmicutes and the family Veillonellaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Megastigmus
- Megoura viciae
- Melaleuca
- Melaleuca alternifolia
- Melampsora
- Melampsoridium
- Melanogrammus aeglefinus
- Melanoplus sanguinipes
- Melatonin
A hormone involved in sleep regulatory activity, and a tryptophan-derived neurotransmitter, which inhibits the synthesis and secretion of other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and GABA. Melatonin is synthesized from serotonin intermediate in the pineal gland and the retina where the enzyme 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase, that catalyzes the last step of synthesis, is found. This hormone binds to and activates melatonin receptors and is involved in regulating the sleep and wake cycles. In addition, melatonin possesses antioxidative and immunoregulatory properties via regulating other neurotransmitters. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Meleagris
- turkeys
- Melia
- Melia azedarach
- Swietenia
- Toona
- Meligethes
- Meligethes aeneus
- Melilotus alba
- Melilotus indica
- Melilotus officinalis
- Melinis
- Molasses grass
- Melocanna
- Meloidogyne
- Meloidogynidae
- Meloidogyne arenaria
- Meloidogyne chitwoodi
- Meloidogyne graminicola
- Meloidogyne hapla
- Meloidogyne incognita
- Meloidogyne javanica
- Meloidogyne naasi
- Melolontha
- Melolontha melolontha
- Melophagus ovinus
- Melopsittacus
- Melting
The process of going from a solid to a liquid state. (source: NALT)
- Melting point
The temperature at which a crystaline solid changes state from solid to liquid. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Membracidae
- Spissistilus
- Permeability
A measure of the rate at which a substrate can pass water. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Osmosis
Diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Memory
The power of retaining and recalling past experience, something that is remembered. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pachygone
- Stephania
- Tinospora
- Menopon
- Mentha aquatica
- Mentha arvensis
- Mentha longifolia
- Mentha piperita
- Mentha pulegium
- Mentha spicata
- Pogostemon cablin
- Menticirrhus
- Menyanthaceae
- Menyanthes
- Mercenaria
- Mercenaria mercenaria
- Oryzaephilus mercator
- Merluccius
- Merluccius productus
- Romanomermis
- Peritoneum
The tissue that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity, intestine, and mesentery. It consists of the parietal peritoneum that covers the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum that covers the surface of the intestine and mesentery. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- mesocarp
A portion of plant tissue that is the middle layer of a pericarp. (source: NALT)
- Mesocestoides
- Mesocestoides corti
- Mesophyll
- Varroidae
- Mespilus
- messenger RNA
A class of RNA molecule containing protein-coding information in its nucleotide sequence that can be translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Phytochelatins
- Nitrogen metabolism
- Steroid metabolism
Steroid Metabolism consists of diverse biochemical reactions that convert steroid compounds, lipids containing a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system, to metabolic derivatives for assorted uses, such as steroid hormone production and biosynthesis of cell membrane constituents. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Water metabolism
- Metaldehyde
- Metallothionein
Enzymes that use cysteine residues to transport metals such as copper and zinc throughout the body. The native polypeptide is found in abundant levels in the kidney cortex and liver. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Metamitron
- Metapenaeus
- Metapenaeus monoceros
- Paramyxoviridae
A family of negative-strand single-strand RNA viruses which includes Mumps and Measles viruses. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Metarhizium anisopliae
- Metaseiulus
- Metaseiulus occidentalis
- Metasequoia
- Metastrongylus
- Metastrongylus apri
- Panonychus
- Macroclimate
- Paleoclimatology
- Methabenzthiazuron
- Methamidophos
- Methanogens
Microorganisms, especially of the group Archaea, that can grow and produce methane under anaerobic conditions. (source: NALT)
- Methanobacteriaceae
- Methanobacterium
- Methanococcus
- Methidathion
- Methiocarb
- Methoxychlor
- Salicylates
- methylamines
- Metobromuron
- Metribuzin
- Metrosideros
- Metsulfuron
- Mevinphos
- Zabrotes subfasciatus
- Physalis ixocarpa
- Virology
The science that deals with the study of viruses. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ustilago violacea
- Microcerotermes
- Micrococcus
A genus of spherical, Gram-positive bacteria in the phylum Actinobacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Renibacterium
- Paracoccus denitrificans
- Microctonus aethiopoides
- Microcyclus ulei
- Microcystis aeruginosa
- Microplitis demolitor
- Rhizosphere
The soil surrounding and directly influenced by plant roots. (source: NALT)
- Micromesistius poutassou
- Rumen microorganisms
- Soil microorganisms
- Thermophilic microorganisms
- Xylanolytic microorganisms
- Micropterus salmoides
- Nosema
- Pleistophora
- Thelohania
- Vairimorpha
- Microsporidiosis
Microsporidians were considered as Protozoa, but are classed as a Phylum in the Kingdom Fungi. Previous indexing may use microsporidiosis as a protozoal infection. (source: NALT)
A protozoal parasitic infection caused by Microsporidia. It occurs in immunocompromised patients, causing diarrhea and wasting. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Microtermes
- milk fat yield
- milk protein yield
- Somatic cell count
- Panicum
- Paspalum
- Pennisetum
- Urochloa
- milt
- Mimosa
- Mimosa pudica
- Mimosa scabrella
- Mimosine
- Paraserianthes
- Parkia
- Pithecellobium
- Prosopis
- Samanea
- Mimulus
- Minced fish
- Mineral resources
- Nitrogen
An element with atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14.01. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Montmorillonitic soils
- Minimum tillage
- Trichogramma minutum
- Orius tristicolor
- Psallus
- Pseudatomoscelis
- Sahlbergella
- Miscanthus
- Mite control
- Mitella
- Predatory mites
- Mitochondria
- multiple strain starters
- Mocis
- Modified starches
- Tensile strength
The maximum stress a material subjected to a stretching load can withstand without tearing. (source: NALT)
- Moina
- Water activity
- Mola
- Molidae
- Tyrophagus putrescentiae
- Reverse transcription
The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template. (source: NALT)
The action of copying RNA into DNA by reverse transcriptase. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- RNA probes
RNA usually prepared by transcription from cloned DNA, which complements a specific mRNA or DNA and is generally used for studies of virus genes, distribution of specific RNA in tissues and cells, integration of viral DNA into genomes, transcription, etc. Whereas DNA probes are preferred for use at a more macroscopic level for detection of the presence of DNA/ RNA from specific species or subspecies, RNA probes are preferred for genetic studies. (source: NALT)
- Molecular weight
The sum of the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms of a molecule. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Molineidae
- Nematodirus
- Ollulanus
- Mollusc control
- Slugs
- snails
- Oysters
- Scallops
- Sodium molybdate
A crystalline powder essential for the metabolism and development of plants and animals as a cofactor for enzymes. (NCI) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Molybdenum
Library of Congress sh85086637
An element with atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.94. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Monascus purpureus
- Monelliopsis pecanis
- Moniezia benedeni
- Moniezia expansa
- Orotic acid
- Monochamus alternatus
- Monocrotophos
- Monodon
- Monographella
- Monolinuron
- Mononychellus
- Mononychellus tanajoa
- Synbranchidae
- Xylose
- Pyrethrins
- Trichodoridae
- Wet season
- Monstera deliciosa
- Morus
- Treculia
- Moraine soils
- Rinderpest virus
- Morchella
- Morinda
- Morinda citrifolia
An extract prepared from the fruit of Morinda citrifolia, a plant that yields various herbal preparations. Morinda citrifolia fruit juice has antioxidant properties and may prevent tumorigenesis via inhibition of DNA-carcinogen adduct formation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Moringa
- Morone
- Percichthyidae
- Morone saxatilis
- Organogenesis
Formation of differentiated cells and complicated tissue organization to provide specialized functions. (source: NALT)
Formation of organs during development. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Tridemorph
- Morus alba
- Morus nigra
- Mulberries
- Vigna aconitifolia
- Mouflon
- Mountain soils
- Tongue
The muscular organ located in the floor of the mouth and serving as the principal organ of taste and modification of the voice in speech. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mowing
- Mucilages
- Mucor
- Mucor hiemalis
- Mucor racemosus
- Rhizomucor miehei
- Phycomyces
- Pilobolus
- Rhizomucor
- Rhizopus
A genus of filamentous fungi in the phylum Zygomycota. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Thamnidium
- Mucuna pruriens
- Muellerius
- Mugil
- Muhlenbergia
- Straw mulches
- Soil solarization
- Wallago attu
- Mullus
- Multiple births
Multiple fetuses birthed live or dead in a single pregnancy regardless of gestational age, and regardless of whether the fetuses were birthed on different dates. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Myeloma
A malignancy of mature plasma cells engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal immunoglobin light chains) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. (source: NALT)
- Mus
- Rats
- Murraya
- Murraya paniculata
- Musa balbisiana
- Musa paradisiaca
Interspecific hybrid between Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana. (source: NALT)
- Musca
- Muscina
- Stomoxys
- Muscidifurax
- Muscidifurax raptor
- Suxamethonium
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Tendinitis
- Tenosynovitis
- Mussaenda
- Mustard
A flavoring that comes from the ground seeds of the mustard (Brassica) plant available as a powder or a paste. Use for the ground mustard seed available as a powder or paste; For the whole mustard seed used as a flavoring USE mustard seed; For the mustard plant USE Brassica or one of its narrower species. (source: NALT)
- Sinapis alba
- Mustela putorius
- Mutagenicity
- Mya
- Mya arenaria
- Mycobacterium
A genus of acid-fast Gram-positive, aerobic and nonmotile bacteria in the phylum Actinobacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mycobacterium bovis
A species of Mycobacterium that is a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. It is the causative agent of tuberculosis in cattle. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Mycoplasmataceae
A taxonomic family of parasitic and pathogenic bacterium, which require sterols to grow, in the phylum Tenericutes that includes the genera Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mycoplasma arginini
- Mycoplasma bovis
- Mycoplasma dispar
- Mycoplasma gallisepticum
- Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
- Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
- Mycoplasma meleagridis
- Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
- Mycoplasma synoviae
- Ureaplasma
A genus of irregularly shaped bacterium that do not contain a cell well in the phylum Tenericutes and the family Mycoplasmataceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Spiroplasmataceae
- Mycosphaerella arachidis
- Mycosphaerella berkeleyi
- Mycosphaerella citri
- Mycosphaerella fragariae
- Mycosphaerella graminicola
- Mycosphaerella musicola
- Mycosphaerella pinodes
- Ochratoxicosis
- Ochratoxins
- Patulin
- Myobiidae
- Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (myocardium) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells. (source: NALT)
Inflammation of the muscle tissue of the heart. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Myometrium
The smooth muscle lining the uterus. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Myrciaria
- Symphyla
- Myrica
- nutmegs
- Virola
- Myrtus
- Pepper
- Psidium
- Syzygium
- Tristania
- Myrtus communis
- Mytilus
- Mytilus edulis
- Mytilus galloprovincialis
- Myxobolus
- Myxomatosis
- Myxomycetes
Formerly considered as fungi, the plasmodial slime molds are now classified as Protozoa. (source: NALT)
- Plasmodiophoromycetes
- Sphaerospora
- Myzus nicotianae
- Nitrosamines
Any of a class of organic compounds with the general formula R2NNO or RNHNO, present in various foods and other products and found to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals. (dictionary.com) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Nacobbus
- Nacobbus aberrans
- Naegleria
- Naemacyclus
Rank of Genus, Helotiales genera incertae sedis. (source: NALT)
- Nairobi sheep disease
An arbovirus infection of sheep and goats transmitted by ticks. It is characterized by high fever and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. (source: NALT)
- Potamogetonaceae
- Zosteraceae
- Naled
- Nalepellidae
- Phytoptus
- Trisetacus
- Prunus tomentosa
- Nannochloris
- Rhyacionia frustrana
- Solanum quitoense
- Narcissus pseudonarcissus
- Narcissus tazetta
- Nardostachys
- Nardus
- Nasal cavity
The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum lying between the floor of the cranium and the roof of the mouth and extending from the face to the pharynx. The nasal cavity is lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- nose
Library of Congress sh85092748
A structure of special sense serving as an organ of the sense of smell and as an entrance to the respiratory tract. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Nasonia
- Nasonia vitripennis
- Nasonovia ribisnigri
- Nastic movement
The movement of plant parts in response to non-directional stimuli. The stimulus may be external, such as the movement of Mimosa leaves when touch (thigmonasty), or internal, such as the sudden movement of plant parts due to changes in turgor pressure (seismonasty). Nyctinasty is the movement of organs, such as the opening of flowers during the day and closing at night, in response to the diurnal cycle. (source: NALT)
- Tropaeolum majus
- Nasutitermes
- Nasutitermes exitiosus
- Nonrenewable resources
- Renewable resources
- Neburon
- Nectarines
- Nectria haematococca
- Neem seed extract
- Neem oil
- Simonsiella
- Nelumbo
- Nelumbonaceae
- Nelumbo nucifera
- Panagrolaimidae
- Tylenchulidae
- Trichinosis
A parasitic disease of mammals caused by the nematode parasite Trichinella, whose larvae migrate from the digestive tract and form cysts in various muscles of the body. Human trichinosis is caused by eating undercooked meat, usually pork. (source: NALT)
A parasitic infection caused by larvae of worms of the genus Trichinella. It is transmitted to humans by ingesting raw or undercooked meat from infected animals. Signs and symptoms include abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, headache, coughing, myalgias, arthralgias, and eye swelling. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Trichuriasis
- Nematodirus battus
- Nematus
- Steinernema
- Steinernema carpocapsae
- Steinernema feltiae
- Toxocara vitulorum
- Sarcophaga bullata
- Neochetina eichhorniae
- Neodiprion lecontei
- Neogobius melanostomus
- Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the digestive tract or the respiratory tract. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the mucous membrane of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base. (source: NALT)
- Neorickettsia
A genus of bacteria that causes disease in humans, horses, dogs and other canids. (source: NALT)
- Neoseiulus
- Neosolaniol
- Neospora caninum
- Neovossia
- Tilletia indica
- neoxanthin
- Nepa
- Nepenthaceae
- Sarraceniaceae
- Opisina
- Nephelium
- Nephelium lappaceum
- Rambutans
- Nephotettix cincticeps
- Nephotettix nigropictus
- Nephotettix virescens
- Pyelonephritis
An inflammatory process affecting the kidney. The cause is most often bacterial, but may also be fungal in nature. Signs and symptoms may include fever, chills, flank pain, painful and frequent urination, cloudy or bloody urine, and confusion. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Nephrolepis
- Nephrops
- Nephrops norvegicus
- Stigmella
- Nerium oleander
- Peripheral nerves
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. (source: NALT)
- neuropeptides
- Sleep
A natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Neurospora
- Neurospora crassa
- Neurotoxicity
A group of neurologic disorders caused by damage to the nervous system following exposure to pharmacologic, biologic, and chemical agents. Examples of neurotoxins include chemotherapy agents, radiation treatment, heavy metals, pesticides, and food additives. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Nitric oxide
An unstable free-radical gas which reacts rapidly with oxygen to form nitrogen oxides. Water soluble, NO is produced normally in numerous tissues and is considered to be a mediator of cell-to cell communication; it functions in numerous processes including vasodilation, inflammation, and neurotransmission. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- new species
- Phormium tenax
- Newcastle disease
A highly infectious viral disease of poultry. Symptoms include reduced yield of often soft and misshapen eggs, lack of appetite, troubled breathing, nasal discharges and diarrhea. High mortality amongst young birds is common. (source: NALT)
- Newsprint
- Nezara
- Nezara viridula
- Nickel
An element with atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Nicosulfuron
- Nicotiana
- Nicotiana plumbaginifolia
- Nicotiana sylvestris
- Nicotine
A plant alkaloid, found in the tobacco plant, and addictive central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that causes either ganglionic stimulation in low doses or ganglionic blockage in high doses. Nicotine acts as an agonist at the nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the autonomic ganglia, at neuromuscular junctions, and in the adrenal medulla and the brain. Nicotine’s CNS-stimulating activities may be mediated through the release of several neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, beta-endorphin, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and ACTH. As a result, peripheral vasoconstriction, tachycardia, and elevated blood pressure may be observed with nicotine intake. This agent may also stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone, thereby inducing nausea and vomiting. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Nigella
- Pseudoperichaeta
- Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
- Reduction
- Potassium nitrate
A crystalline salt, KNO3; a strong oxidizer used especially in making gunpowder, as a fertilizer, and in medicine. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Sodium nitrate
- Nitrobacter
- Nitrogen dioxide
Found in the atmosphere as a key ingredient in photochemical formation of smog and acid rain, Nitrogen Dioxide is a poisonous gas that forms during combustion. Toxic at high concentrations, it reacts with moisture in the air to form nitric acid, highly corrosive and hazardous to plants and animals. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Nitrophenols
- Nitrophosphates
- nitrosopyrrolidine
- Nivalenol
- Radon
An element with atomic symbol Rn, atomic number 86, and 222.0. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Nocardia
A genus of Gram-positive, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria in the phylum Actinobacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Rhodococcus (bacteria)
- Noctua
- Orthosia
- Panolis
- Peridroma
- Plusia
- Rachiplusia
- Sesamia
- Thysanoplusia
- Trichoplusia
- Root nodules
- Pearls
- Rubber
- Turpentine
- Silicon
- Tellurium
An element with atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.6. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Ornithine
A naturally occurring amino acid found in meat, fish, dairy and eggs. Ornithine is one of the key reactants in the urea cycle that is responsible for 80% of the nitrogen excretion in the body. Ornithine enhances liver function and helps detoxify harmful substances. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Taurine
- Stachyose
- Rosin
- nordihydroguaiaretic acid
A naturally occurring antioxidant dicatechol originally derived from the creosote bush Larrea divaricatta with antipromoter, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. Masoprocol directly inhibits activation of two receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) and the c-erbB2/HER2/neu receptor, resulting in decreased proliferation of susceptible tumor cell populations. This agent may induce apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations as a result of disruption of the actin cytoskeleton in association with the activation of stress activated protein kinases (SAPKs). In addition, masoprocol inhibits arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX), resulting in diminished synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. It may prevent leukocyte infiltration into tissues and the release of reactive oxygen species. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Norflurazon
- Quercus rubra
- Nosema algerae
- Nosema apis
- Nosema bombycis
- Nosema locustae
- Nosema pyrausta
- Nostoc
- Nostoc flagelliforme
- Nostoc muscorum
- Nothofagus dombeyi
- Nothofagus fusca
- Nothofagus pumilio
- Nothofagus solandri
- Notonecta
- Orobanche
- Oryza punctata
- Saccharum spontaneum
- witchweed
- Nuarimol
- Nucleoproteins
Library of Congress sh85093155
Use for proteins which are conjugated with nucleic acids; for proteins found in the cell nucleus USE nuclear proteins. (source: NALT)
- open reading frames
- Numerical taxonomy
- Nuphar
- Nymphaeaceae
- Peanut butter
- Nutation
Movement of plant parts caused by irregular growth, such as the circular movement detected in growing seedlings and the “searching” movement of growing young tendrils. (source: NALT)
- Spodoptera exempta
- Vitamin deficiencies
- Nutrient film technique
- nutrient solutions
- Nutrient transport
- Pistachios
- Nymphaea
- Nypa fruticans
- Nysius
- oat straw
- Oceanography
- Oceans
- Ochroma pyramidale
- Ocimum tenuiflorum
- Octopus (genus)
- Octopus vulgaris
- Odobenidae
- Odobenus
- Odobenus rosmarus
- Odontoglossum
- Odontotermes
- Smell
Use for the physiological act or sensation of smelling; for the description of the charactistics of a product USE odors. (source: NALT)
Smell; the faculty of smell, the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by particular chemicals in gaseous form. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Oebalus
- Oebalus pugnax
- Oedaleus senegalensis
- Oenothera
- Oesophagostomum dentatum
- Oesophagostomum radiatum
- Oestrus ovis
- Palm kernels
- oilseed cakes
The solid byproduct or residue obtained after extracting oil from oilseeds. (source: NALT)
- Sunflower meal
- Sesamum indicum
Use for the sesame plant as a whole; For products of the sesame plant, such as oil or seed, consult the “sesame products” hierarchy. (source: NALT)
- Shorea robusta
- Safflower seed
- Sunflower seed
- Olacaceae
- Olaquindox
- Olea
- Olea europaea
- Olfactory organs
- Oligonychus
- Oligonychus ununguis
- Postia placenta
- Olpidium brassicae
- Omentum
A fold of peritoneum originating at the stomach and supporting the viscera. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ommastrephes
- Ommastrephes bartrami
- Todarodes
- Onchocerca
- Onchocerca cervicalis
- Onchocerca gutturosa
- Onchocerca lienalis
- Onchocerca volvulus
- Wuchereria
- Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Oncidium
- Oncobasidium
- Oncobasidium theobromae
- Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
- Masu salmon
- Oncorhynchus nerka
- Thrips tabaci
- Onthophagus
- Onychiurus
- vitellogenesis
- Open pollination
- Ophiostoma
- Ophrys
- Opiliaceae
- Opisthorchis
- Opius concolor
- Opogona
- Refractive index
- Turbidity
- Opuntia polyacantha
- Orchis
- Paphiopedilum
- Phalaenopsis
- Renanthera
- Vanda
- Origanum vulgare
- Quercus garryana
- Oreochromis aureus
- Oreochromis mossambicus
- Oreochromis niloticus
- Sweetbreads
The thymus glands of veal, young beef, lamb and pork used as food. (source: NALT)
- Ribosomes
- Vacuoles
- Organomineral complexes
- Organobromine compounds
- Sewage
- Waste paper
- Parathion
- Phosalone
- Phosmet
- Tetrachlorvinphos
- Triazophos
- Phosphamidon
- Phorate
- Terbufos
- Oxydemeton methyl
- Profenofos
- Quinalphos
- Temephos
- Orgyia pseudotsugata
- replication origin
A unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA replication is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally. It contains the sites where the first separation of the complementary strands occurs, a primer RNA is synthesized, and the switch from primer RNA to DNA synthesis takes place. (source: NALT)
- Xenopsylla cheopis
- Orius laevigatus
- parrots
- peafowl
- Ornamental woody plants
- woody plants
- Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
- Ornithodoros coriaceus
- Ornithodoros moubata
- Ornithorhynchus
- Orseolia oryzae
- Orthotomicus
- Tydeidae
- Oryctes
- Oryctes rhinoceros
- Oryza
- Oryza sativa
- Rice
- Oryzaephilus
- Oryzaephilus surinamensis
- Rice ragged stunt virus
- Oryzopsis
- Spirulina
- Osmerus
- Osmotic pressure
The pressure required to prevent osmosis through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions of differing solute concentions. (source: NALT)
- Osmoregulation
- Percopsiformes
- Synbranchiformes
- Syngnathiformes
- Zeiformes
- Ostertagia
- Ostertagia ostertagi
- Teladorsagia circumcincta
- Ostrea
- Ostrinia furnacalis
- Tetanops
- Otodectes
- Otodectes cynotis
- zona pellucida
- Ovariectomy
- Ovarioles
- Oviposition deterrents
- Oxalis
- Oxalis tuberosa
- Photooxidation
- Redox potential
- Oxidative stability
- Quartz
- Silica
A natural compound of silicon and oxygen found mostly in sand, Silica has three main crystalline varieties: quartz, tridymite, and cristobalite. Fine particulate silica dust from quartz rock causes over a long-term progressive lung injury, silicosis. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Titanium dioxide
- Pralidoxime
- Oxycarenus
- Oxycarenus hyalinipennis
- Vaccinium oxycoccus
- Oxyopes
- Oxytenanthera
- Oxytocin
Oxytocin (125 aa, ~13kDa) is encoded by the human OXT gene. This protein plays a role in smooth muscle contraction in both the mammary gland and uterus. Oxytocin also is involved in maternal-newborn bonding, cognition and many other psychological and physiological processes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- threadworms
- Passalurus
- Syphacia
- Pachynematus
- Pachyrhizus erosus
- Tetranychus pacificus
- Paclobutrazol
- Paecilomyces fumosoroseus
- Paederus
- Paeonia
- Paeonia suffruticosa
- Pagrus
- Palaemon
- Palaemon serratus
- Palaemonetes
- Palaquium
- Panulirus
- Palometa (common name)
- Pammene
- Pampus
- Stromateidae
- Pan
- Panagrellus
- Panagrolaimus
- Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pandalus
- Pandalus borealis
- Pandalus jordani
- Pandanus
- Pandemis
- Pandemis heparana
- Panicum antidotale
- Panicum miliaceum
- Panicum repens
- Panicum virgatum
- Panolis flammea
- Panulirus argus
- Panulirus cygnus
- Panulirus interruptus
- Papaver
- Papaver bracteatum
- Toxotrypana curvicauda
- Papilio
- Pimiento
- Paragonimus
- Paragonimus kellicotti
- Paragonimus westermani
- Paralabrax
- Paralichthyidae
- Paralichthys
- Paralichthys dentatus
- Paramphistomum
- Paranasal sinuses
- Paranthrene
- Paranthrene tabaniformis
- Parascaris equorum
- Superparasitism
Parasitism of a host by more parasites of the same species than can survive to maturity. It can be caused by one ovipositional event, or by subsequent ovipositions by the same female or by conspecific females. (source: NALT)
- Paratrichodorus
- Paratylenchus
- Vespula
- Parelaphostrongylus
- Parkia biglobosa
- Parsnips
- Pastinaca sativa
- Porcine parvovirus
- Pascopyrum
- Paspalum urvillei
- Paspalum vaginatum
- Passiflora
- Passiflora edulis
- Passiflora quadrangularis
- Passion fruits
- Pasteurella
A genus of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium in the phylum Proteobacteria and the family Pasteurellaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pasteurella gallinarum
- Viscosity
The resistance of a liquid to sheer forces and flow. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Sown pastures
- Patrinia
- Paullinia
- Paulownia
- Pavo
- Tobraviruses
- Sitona lineatus
- Peaches
- Pears
- Peat
Partially decomposed organic matter of a vegetative nature formed under wet conditions. (source: NALT)
- Pecten
- Pecten maximus
- Pectinophora gossypiella
- Pectins
- Proboscidea (martyniaceae)
- Sesamum
- Pediculus
- Pediobius foveolatus
- Pediococcus acidilactici
- Pediococcus pentosaceus
- Peganum
- Peganum harmala
- Pelargonium capitatum
- Pelargonium graveolens
- Pelargonium hortorum
- Pelargonium roseum
- Pelargonium zonale
- Phalacrocoracidae
- Pellionia
- Penaeus
- Penaeus esculentus
- Penaeus monodon
- Penaeus semisulcatus
- Penicillamine
3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson’s disease. (source: NALT)
A beta dimethyl analog of the amino acid cysteine. As a degradation product of penicillin antibiotics, penicillamine chelates with heavy metals and increases their urinary excretion. Possessing antineoplastic properties, penicillamine induces apoptosis by a p53-mediated mechanism and inhibits angiogenesis by chelating with copper, a cofactor for angiogenesis. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Penicillium brevicompactum
- Penicillium camembertii
- Penicillium chrysogenum
- Penicillium citrinum
- Penicillium digitatum
- Penicillium expansum
- Penicillium funiculosum
- Penicillium italicum
- Penicillium oxalicum
- Penicillium roquefortii
- Penstemon
- Terminalia arjuna
- Pentas
- Piezodorus
- Plautia
- Podisus
- Scotinophara
- Pentatrichomonas
- Pentosans
- Peperomia
- Piperaceae
- Solanum muricatum
- synthetic peptides
- Perch
- Perca fluviatilis
- Polynemidae
- Pomacentridae
- Pomatomidae
- Sillaginidae
- Trachinidae
- Xiphiidae
- Percophidae
- Zea perennis
- Perennial weeds
- Pericardium
Library of Congress sh85099851
A conical membranous sac filled with serous fluid in which the heart as well as the roots of the aorta and other large blood vessels are contained. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Periderm
- Peridinium
- Perineum
The area located between the anus and vulva in females, and anus and scrotum in males. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Seasonal variation
- Perlite
- Wilting point
- Potassium permanganate
- Permethrin
A synthetic pyrethroid and neurotoxin. Permethrin affects the neuronal membrane by blocking the movement of sodium ions from outside to inside the neuronal cell membrane thereby disrupting the sodium channel current that regulates the polarization of the membrane. This leads to delayed repolarization and subsequent paralysis of the nervous system. Permethrin is used to eradicate parasites such as head lice, ticks and scabies from humans and animals. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Look-up using CAS number link
- Peronophythora
- Peronosclerospora
- Peronosclerospora sorghi
- Downy mildews
- Peronospora destructor
- Peronospora tabacina
- Peronospora viciae
- Phytophthora
- Plasmopara
- Pseudoperonospora
- Pythium
- Sclerophthora
- Sclerospora
- Trifolium resupinatum
- Rodent control
- Rodenticidal properties
- Petasites hybridus
- Procellariidae
- Petromyzon
- Petromyzon marinus
- Petrova
- Petunia
- Peziza
- Rhizina
- Tirmania
- Phacelia tanacetifolia
- Phakopsora
- Phakopsora pachyrhizi
Fungal causal agent of soybean rust disease in Glycine max. (source: NALT)
- Phalaris
- Phalaris arundinacea
- Phanerochaete chrysosporium
- Sublimation
- Volatilization
- Phaseolin
Use for the plant storage protein produced by Phaseolus vulgaris; for the isoflavonoid synthesized in response to injury USE phaseollin. (source: NALT)
- Pseudomonas syringae
- Phaseolus acutifolius
- Phaseolus coccineus
- Vigna umbellata
- Tetrao
- Phenacoccus
- Phenacoccus manihoti
- Tannins
- Vanillic acid
- Phenothrin
- Phenylbutazone
- Philanthus
- Philonthus
- Philosamia
- Phlebotomus
- Phlebotomus papatasi
- Phleum
- Phleum pratense
- Phloem
- Vascular tissues
- Phloeosinus
- Phlox
- Phoca
- Phoca vitulina
- Phocoena
- Phoma sorghina
- Phoracantha semipunctata
- Polyphosphates
- Pyrophosphates
- Phosphatidylinositols
- Phosphatidylserines
- Zinc phosphide
- Phosphoproteins
- Photoinhibition
The reduction in photosynthesis rate at high light intensities when the light energy exceeds the saturation point (maximum photosynthetic rate) and the normal electron flow is interrupted. (source: NALT)
- Phytochrome
A bluish conjugated plant pigment protein that exists in two forms, Pr and Pfr, that absorbs red light and then initiates physiological responses such as germination, growth and flowering. (source: NALT)
- photophosphorylation
ATP formation from ADP and phosphate in chloroplasts using light energy during photosynthesis. (source: NALT)
- Photoreceptors
- Photorhabdus luminescens
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile using peritrichous flagella, non-spore forming, utilizes ribose and tyrosine, bioluminescent, catalase and lecithinase positive, produces a red, pink or yellow pigment, utilizes citrate as its sole carbon and energy source, oxidase and Voges-Proskauer test negative, and does not reduce nitrate. P. luminescens is found in the intestinal lumen of entomogenous nematodes and is pathogenic to insects and humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Phototoxins
Photosensitive agents, chemical substances that cause extreme skin sensitivity to the ultraviolet rays of the sun. (source: NALT)
- phytotoxins
Use for any toxins or poisons that are produced by a plant; For any substances that are toxic or poisonous to a plant USE phytotoxicity. (source: NALT)
- Poisonous plants
- Phototropism
- Phoxinus phoxinus
- Phragmidium
- Phragmites
- Phyllonorycter blancardella
- Phyllophaga
- Phyllostachys
- Phyllotreta cruciferae
- Phylloxera
- Viteus
- Physalis
- Physalis minima
- Physalospora
- Physarum
- Physarum polycephalum
- Physeter
- Porosity
- Shrinkage
- Salinity
- Solubility
The ability of a particular substance to dissolve in a particular solvent (yielding a saturated solution). Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Specific gravity
The density (mass per unit volume) of any material divided by that of water at a standard temperature. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Stickiness
- Thermal conductivity
- rheology
Library of Congress sh85113619
The branch of physics dealing with the deformation and flow of matter, and is particularly concerned with the properties of matter that determine its behavior when a mechanical force is exerted upon it. (source: NALT)
- Ultrasonics
- Plant response
- tissue distribution
- Physocarpus
- Physocephalus
- Phytolacca
- Phytolacca americana
- Phytomonas
- Pseudomonas viridiflava
- Rhizobium lupini
- Phytophthora cactorum
- Phytophthora cambivora
- Phytophthora capsici
- Phytophthora cinnamomi
- Phytophthora citricola
- Phytophthora citrophthora
- Phytophthora cryptogea
- Phytophthora drechsleri
- Phytophthora erythroseptica
- Phytophthora fragariae
- Phytophthora megasperma
- Phytophthora nicotianae
- Phytophthora palmivora
- Phytophthora porri
- Phytophthora syringae
- Phytoreovirus
- Phytoseiulus
- Phytoseiulus persimilis
- Stigmasterol
A steroid derivative characterized by the hydroxyl group in position C-3 of the steroid skeleton, and unsaturated bonds in position 5-6 of the B ring, and position 22-23 in the alkyl substituent. Stigmasterol is found in the fats and oils of soybean, calabar bean and rape seed, as well as several other vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and unpasteurized milk. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Phytotoxicity
Use for any substances that are toxic or poisonous to a plant; for any toxins or poisons that are produced by a plant USE phytotoxins. (source: NALT)
- Picea
- Picea jezoensis
- Picea obovata
- Picea omorika
- Picea rubens
- Picea sitchensis
- Pichia pastoris
- Picidae
- woodpeckers
- Pieris brassicae
- Piezodorus guildinii
- Pikonema
- Pikonema alaskensis
- Pilea
- Pimelodidae
- Quercus palustris
- Pinus
- Pseudotsuga
- Tsuga
- Thaumetopoea pityocampa
- Pinus albicaulis
- Pinus brutia
- Pinus canariensis
- Pinus contorta
- Pinus edulis
- Pinus halepensis
- Pinus merkusii
- Pinus monticola
- Pinus mugo
- Pinus muricata
- Pinus nigra
- Pinus oocarpa
- Pinus palustris
- Pinus patula
- Pinus ponderosa
- Pinus radiata
- Pinus resinosa
- Pinus rigida
- Pinus roxburghii
- Pinus sibirica
- Pinus sylvestris
- Pinus uncinata
- Pinus virginiana
- Woodlands
- Piper cubeba
- Piper nigrum
- Theileria
- Pisolithus
- Pisolithus tinctorius
- Pissodes strobi
- Pistacia vera
- Pistacia atlantica
- Pistacia lentiscus
- Wyeomyia smithii
- Pith
- Stele
- Madras thorn
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum
- Pityogenes
- Pityophthorus
- Placopecten magellanicus
- Plagiorchis
- Zooplankton
Free-floating, minute, often microscopic, animals of aquatic systems. They include protozoa, rotifers, crustaceans, and larvae of larger animals, such as annelids and fish, that feed on other plankton. (source: NALT)
- Plant vascular system
- Underground parts
- wood anatomy
- Seedless varieties
- Stand characteristics
- plant establishment
- Planting
- Pollarding
- Seed treatment
- Vernalization
The treatment of seeds, seedlings, bulbs, or other parts of a plant to cold conditions in order to shorten the vegetative period and promote flowering. (source: NALT)
- population density
- Ripening
Use for fruit, vegetables and grains; for cheese USE cheese ripening. (source: NALT)
- Rooting
- Sprouting
- Suckering
- Tillering
- Plant viruses
viruses that infect plant hosts. (source: NALT)
- Vegetable extracts
- Root exudates
- Shea butter
- Stem elongation
- plant pathology
- Storage organs
- Seed pathology
- Postharvest physiology
- Water use efficiency
A characteristic of plants which is measured by the amount of dry matter or harvestable product produced per unit of water used by the plant. (source: NALT)
- Vicilin
- Stumps
- Root rots
- Root pressure
- Root water potential
- turgor
- Xylem water potential
- Plantago
- Plantago lanceolata
- Plantago media
- Plantago ovata
- Planting date
- Shrubs
- Wild plants
- Plasmodiophora
- Plasmodiophorales
- Plasmodiophora brassicae
- Polymyxa
- Spongospora
- Plasmodium berghei
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium vivax
- Plasmopara halstedii
- Plasmopara viticola
- Platanus
- Platichthys
- Platichthys flesus
- Platinum
Library of Congress sh85103305
An element with atomic symbol Pt, atomic number 78, and atomic weight 195.09. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Platygaster
- Platynota
- Platynota idaeusalis
- Platyptilia
- Plecoglossidae
- Plecoglossus
- Pleospora
- Pleospora betae
- Pleospora herbarum
- Pleura
- Pleuronectes
- Psetta maxima
- Pseudopleuronectes
- Reinhardtius
- Scophthalmidae
- Soleidae
- Pleurotus florida
- Pleurotus ostreatus
- Pleurotus sajor caju
- Quelea
- Plodia
- Plumeria rubra
- Plums
- Plutella
- Pneumocystis
- Pneumocystis carinii
Previously indexed as a protozoan but it is now classified as a fungus. (source: NALT)
- Poa
- Poa trivialis
- Pseudoroegneria
- Rottboellia
- Sasa
- Schizachyrium
- Secale
- Sehima
- Sorghastrum
- Spartina
- Sporobolus
- Stenotaphrum
- Stipa
- Stipagrostis
- Themeda
- Trachypogon
- Tripsacum
- Trisetum
- Triticosecale
Intergeneric hybrid of Triticum x Secale (wheat and rye). (source: NALT)
- Triticum
- Vulpia
- Zizania
- Zoysia
- Podisus maculiventris
- Podocarpus
- Podosesia
- Podosphaera leucotricha
- Podospora
- Poecilia
- Poekilocerus pictus
- Pogonias
- Trichosanthes dioica
- Ursus maritimus
- Polianthes tuberosa
- Polistes
- Scent glands
- Pollachius pollachius
- Pollen tubes
- Polyacrylamide
- Spermidine
- Primula
- Polydactylus
- Polyesters
- Polyethylene
- Polygalaceae
- Polygonum
- Rheum
- Rumex
- Polypropylene
- Polyurethane
- silicones
- Polyphagotarsonemus
- Tarsonemidae
- Procyanidins
- Polyphylla
- Polyplax
- tetraploids
- triploidy
A numerical chromosomal abnormality characterized by the presence of three complete sets of chromosomes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Polypodium
- Proteoglycans
- Zymosan
- Polystigma
- Pomacea canaliculata
- Pomatomus
- Pomegranates
- Punica granatum
- Pometia
- Poncirus
- Taxodium distichum
- Popillia
- Population distribution
- population dynamics
- population growth
- Populus
- Salicaceae
- Populus alba
- Populus balsamifera
- Populus ciliata
- Populus deltoides
- Populus maximowiczii
- Populus simonii
- Populus tremuloides
- Porcellio
- Portlandia
- Portulaca
- Portulaca oleracea
- Portunus
- Portunus pelagicus
- Quercus stellata
- Rigor mortis
- Potamogeton
- Potato starch
- Potatoes
- Solanum tuberosum
- Potebniamyces
Rank of Genus, Cryptomycetaceae genera incertae sedis. (source: NALT)
- Potentilla
- Sanguisorba
- Pullorum disease
- Pourouma
- Suipoxvirus
- Pratylenchus
- Radopholus
- Pratylenchus brachyurus
- Pratylenchus coffeae
- Pratylenchus crenatus
- Pratylenchus penetrans
- Pratylenchus scribneri
- Pratylenchus vulnus
- Pratylenchus zeae
- Prays
- Prays oleae
- Rain
- Snow
- Prednisolone
A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. After cell surface receptor attachment and cell entry, prednisolone enters the nucleus where it binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in an altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production. This agent also decreases the number of circulating lymphocytes, induces cell differentiation, and stimulates apoptosis in sensitive tumor cells populations. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Prednisone
A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. After cell surface receptor attachment and cell entry, prednisone enters the nucleus where it binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in an altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production. This agent also decreases the number of circulating lymphocytes, induces cell differentiation, and stimulates apoptosis in sensitive tumor cell populations. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Prepared foods
Food products that have been manufactured, often with the intention of making food preparation and meal delivery easier for food industry and private consumers. (source: NALT)
- Primisulfuron
- Prionoxystus robiniae
- Pristidae
- Pristiophoridae
- Pristiphora
- Procecidochares
- Rolling
- Procyon
- Spodoptera eridania
- Seedling production
production of plants propagated by seed to be sold and/or used as transplants. (source: NALT)
- Selection criteria
The traits of the breeding plant or animal that are desirable in their progeny. (source: NALT)
- selection responses
Selection response is a measurement of the progress made by selection, which is, specifically, the difference between the mean values of the progeny of one generation and the mean of the next generation. (source: NALT)
- Zein
A group of alcohol soluble seed storage proteins from protein bodies in endoplasmic reticulum of corn endosperm. (source: NALT)
- Prometryn
- TATA box
A consensus sequence found in the promoter region of most genes transcribed by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II. It is found about 25 nucleotides before the site of initiation of transcription and has the consensus sequence: 5’ TATAAAA 3’. This sequence seems to be important in determining accurately the position at which transcription is initiated. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Propylene glycol
- Propionibacterium
A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria in the Propionibacteriaceae family that is a normal skin saprophyte but that can cause chronic infections and abscesses. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Propionibacterium freudenreichii
- Propionibacterium jensenii
- Prosimulium
- Prosimulium mixtum
- Prosopis alba
- Prosopis chilensis
- Prosopis cineraria
- Prosopis juliflora
- Tamarugo
- Prosthogonimus
- Psorergatidae
- Pyemotidae
- Protea
- Recombinant proteins
- Proteus mirabilis
A Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacterium with swarming motility, and urease activity. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Proteus vulgaris
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile, indole, methyl red, and urease positive, hydrolyzes esculin, ferments glucose and amygdalin, but not mannitol or lactose, and produces hydrogen sulfide. P. vulgaris is part of the normal human and animal intestinal flora and is widespread in the environment, but can also be an opportunistic pathogen in humans causing nosocomial, urinary tract, and other wound infections. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Protomyces
- Protomycopsis
- Protostrongylus
- Rumen protozoa
- Soil fauna
- Trichomoniasis
Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas. (source: NALT)
- Topping
The practice of removing the top branches of a tree or shrub. (source: NALT)
- Prunus africana
- Prunus pumila
- Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
- Trachemys scripta
- Pseudococcus
- Rastrococcus
- Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes
A species of aerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile, non spore forming and able to use cyanide as a source of nitrogen. P. pseudoalcaligenes is a plant pathogen but may also be used for bioremediation. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pseudomonas fragi
- Pseudomonas corrugata
- Pseudomonas marginalis
- Pseudomonas fuscovaginae
- Xanthomonas oryzae
- Ralstonia
A genus of Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria and the family Burkholderiaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pseudoperonospora cubensis
- Pseudoperonospora humuli
- Pseudopleuronectes americanus
- Pseudorasbora parva
- Psila
- Psilotales
- Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
- Psorergates
- Psorophora columbiae
- Psoroptes
- Psoroptes cuniculi
- Psoroptes ovis
- Thyridopteryx
- Psychotria
- Psylla
- Psylliodes chrysocephala
- Triozidae
- Pteris
- Pterocarpus santalinus
- Pteromalus
- Spalangia
- Pteropus
- Zoraptera
- Puccinia
- Puccinia allii
- Puccinia arachidis
- Puccinia chondrillina
- Puccinia graminis
- Puccinia helianthi
- Puccinia hordei
- Puccinia horiana
- Puccinia melanocephala
- Puccinia pelargonii zonalis
- Puccinia recondita
- Puccinia dispersa
- Puccinia striiformis
- Pyrrhocoris
- Pucciniastrum
- Puddling
- Pueraria phaseoloides
- Tetraodontidae
- Pulex
- Spilopsyllus
- Xenopsylla
- Pulpwood
wood destined or suited for pulp manufacture, including standing or felled trees, logging residues, sawmill wastes, etc. (source: NALT)
- Pumice
- Xanthines
- Vicia narbonensis
- Purshia
- Pyemotes
- Pylorus
The lower part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Pyometra
Accumulation of pus in the uterus, normally caused by severe bacterial infection. (source: NALT)
- Pyracantha
- Pyralis
- Pyrenophora graminea
- Pyrenophora teres
- Pyrenophora tritici repentis
- Resmethrin
- Trigonelline
- Pyridoxine
- Pyrilla perpusilla
- Uracil
- Pyrites
- Pyrolysis
Library of Congress sh85109347
A chemical change brought about by heat alone in the absence of oxygen. Can lead to substances of smaller molecular weight or larger molecular weight than the original compound. (source: NALT)
- Pythium aphanidermatum
- Pyrrhocoris apterus
- Pyrus
- Pyrus pyrifolia
- Pyrus ussuriensis
- Pythium butleri
- Pythium debaryanum
- Pythium graminicola
- Pythium irregulare
- Pythium myriotylum
- Pythium oligandrum
- Pythium splendens
- Pythium sylvaticum
- Pythium ultimum
- pythons
- quantitative trait loci
- Quassia
- Quercus acutissima
- Quercus alba
- Quercus coccifera
- Quercus coccinea
- Quercus dentata
- Quercus faginea
- Quercus falcata
- Quercus glauca
- Quercus havardii
- Quercus laevis
- Quercus mongolica
- Quercus nigra
- Quercus phellos
- Quercus pubescens
- Quercus pyrenaica
- Quercus serrata
- Quercus shumardii
- Quinapyramine
- Rabies
A life-threatening viral infection caused by the neurotropic Rabies virus. It is transmitted to humans usually from a bite by an infected dog. The initial signs and symptoms include malaise, fever, and headache, followed by the central nervous system manifestations which include abrupt behavioral changes. Paralysis, lethargy, and coma follow the behavioral changes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Radiotherapy
- Radishes
- Raphanus sativus
- Radopholus similis
- Rafflesiaceae
- Tropical rain forests
- Raja
- Rajidae
- Rana esculenta
- Rana pipiens
- Rana temporaria
- Randia
- Ranunculus
- Thalictrum
- Rubus idaeus
- Rastrelliger
- Raw sugar
- Siliqua patula
- Reaction wood
- Recurrent selection
- Recycling
- Water reuse
- Ribes rubrum
- Tribolium castaneum
- Solenopsis invicta
- Smicronyx fulvus
- Red wines
- Vicia benghalensis
- Sequoia sempervirens
- White sugar
- Solar energy
- Wind power
- Renibacterium salmoninarum
- sporulation
- Turtle culture
The cultivation of turtles for food or other purposes. (source: NALT)
- Resection
- respiratory quotient
- Swim bladder
- Rhinitis
An inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nose, usually associated with nasal discharge. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Sinusitis
An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Tracheitis
Bacterial infectious process with formation of mucopurulent membranes affecting the trachea. Causative agents include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Resveratrol
A phytoalexin derived from grapes and other food products with antioxidant and potential chemopreventive activities. Resveratrol induces phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes (anti-initiation activity); mediates anti-inflammatory effects and inhibits cyclooxygenase and hydroperoxidase functions (anti-promotion activity); and induces promyelocytic leukemia cell differentiation (anti-progression activity), thereby exhibiting activities in three major steps of carcinogenesis. This agent may inhibit TNF-induced activation of NF-kappaB in a dose- and time-dependent manner. (NCI05) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Reticulitermes
- Reticulitermes speratus
- Rhabditis
- Rhabdocline
- Rhagoletis
- Rhagoletis cerasi
- Rhagoletis completa
- Rhagoletis indifferens
- Rhamnus
- Ziziphus
- Viscoelasticity
- rhinoceroses
- Rhinocyllus conicus
- Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
- Rhipicephalus evertsi
- Rhizobium phaseoli
- Rhizoctonia cerealis
- Rhizoctonia fragariae
- Rhizoglyphus echinopus
- Rhizoglyphus robini
- Rhizomes
- Rhizophagus
- Rhizophora apiculata
- Rhizophora mangle
- Rhizopus arrhizus
- Rhizopus oryzae
- Rhizopus stolonifer
- Rhodiola rosea
- Rhodnius
- Rhodnius prolixus
- Rhodobacter
- Rhodobacter capsulatus
- Rhodobacter sphaeroides
- Rhododendron obtusum
- Rhododendron simsii
- Rhodospirillum
- Rhodotorula rubra
- Rhyacionia
- Rhynchophorus palmarum
- Riboflavin
An essential human nutrient that is a heat-stable and water-soluble flavin belonging to the vitamin B family. Riboflavin is a precursor of the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These coenzymes are of vital importance in normal tissue respiration, pyridoxine activation, tryptophan to niacin conversion, fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, and glutathione reductase mediated detoxification. Riboflavin may also be involved in maintaining erythrocyte integrity. This vitamin is essential for healthy skin, nails, and hair. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Rice straw
- Tagosodes orizicolus
- Rickettsia
A genus of bacteria that causes typhus and spotted fevers in humans. (source: NALT)
A genus of non-motile, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, obligate intracellular parasitic bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Ridging
- rill erosion
- Rimsulfuron
- Ripping (tillage)
- transfer RNA
The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation to align amino acids at the ribosomes in a sequence determined by the mRNA (messenger RNA). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific codon set on the mRNA through its own anticodon and as aminoacyl tRNAs, each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains. (source: NALT)
A class of short adaptor RNAs that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. Each transfer RNA comprises a three-nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the triplet nucleotide coding sequence of an mRNA, conferring specificity to the amino acid being incorporated into the assembling protein. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Rutilus rutilus
- Squirrels
- Root cap
- Tubers
Use for the starchy storage organ of a plant which is a short and thickened subterranean stem or root (e.g. potatoes) ; For tubers that are typically cut for asexual propagation USE seed tubers. (source: NALT)
- Soil temperature
- Sorbus
- Spiraea
- Trifolium hirtum
- Rosmarinus officinalis
- Rotenone
- Rotylenchulus reniformis
- Rubia
- Rubia cordifolia
- Uncaria
- Rubus phoenicolasius
- Rubus strigosus
- Ruditapes
- Ruditapes decussatus
- Ruditapes philippinarum
- Ruminococcus albus
- Ruta
- Swinglea
- Rye
- Secale cereale
- Sabal palmetto
- Saccharomyces uvarum
- Saccharum officinarum
- Stenotaphrum secundatum
- Salix
- Soil salinization
- Salix alba
- Salix babylonica
- Salmo
- Salvelinus
- Thymallus
- Salvia leucophylla
- Salvia splendens
- Salvinia
- Samia
- Sand
- Soil stabilization
- Santalum album
- Sandy soils
- Synanthedon
- Santalum
- Staphyleaceae
- Sapogenins
- Vitellaria
- Saprolegnia
- Saprospira
- Sapwood
- Sarcocystis cruzi
- Sarcocystis tenella
- Wohlfahrtia
- Sarcoptes
- Sargassum
- Satureja hortensis
- Savannas
A tropical or subtropical biome, consisting mainly of coarse grasses with scattered shrubs and trees due to distinct wet and dry seasons; often a transitional zone between a grassland and a woodland. (source: NALT)
- Sawdust
- Saxifraga
- Tupaiidae
- Scaphoideus titanus
- Scapteriscus borellii
- Scapteriscus vicinus
- Telenomus
- Scenedesmus
- Schima
- Schinus molle
- Schistocerca gregaria
- Schistosoma
- Schistosoma bovis
- Schistosoma haematobium
- Schistosoma japonicum
- Schistosoma mansoni
- Schistosoma mattheei
- Schistosomiasis
Library of Congress sh85118147
A parasitic infection caused by flukes of the genus Schistosoma. Signs and symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, eosinophilia and hepatosplenomegaly. If left untreated it may eventually cause liver damage leading to cirrhosis, bladder cancer and kidney failure. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Schizophyllum commune
- Schizosaccharomyces pombe
- Schizotetranychus
- Scirpophaga incertulas
- Sciaenops
- Umbrina
- Sciaenops ocellatus
- Sciara
- Scirtothrips
- Sclerospora graminicola
- Sclerotinia homoeocarpa
- Sclerotinia minor
- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
- Sclerotinia trifoliorum
- Sclerotium cepivorum
- Scolothrips
- Trypodendron
- Xylosandrus
- Scomber
- chub mackerel
- Scomberomorus
- Thunnus
- Scophthalmus
- Scorpaenidae
- Rock salmon (sebastes)
- Scrophularia
- Verbascum
- Veronica
- Scyliorhinus
- seabirds
- Spring
The season between the vernal equinox and the summer solstice. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Summer
The season between the summer solstice and the autumnal equinox. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Winter
The season between the winter solstice and the vernal equinox. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Skin glands
- Xylem
A vascular plant tissue that conducts water and minerals salts from the roots to the leaves. (source: NALT)
- silt
- Doughs
- Seed set
- Seed dressing
- Seedbed preparation
- selection index
Prediction of the long term breeding objectives. (source: NALT)
- Selenomonas
A genus of strictly anaerobic, Gram negative, crescent shaped bacterium assigned to the phylum Firmicutes and the family Veillonellaceae. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Selenothrips
- Senecio jacobaea
- Sepia
- Sepia officinalis
- Septic shock
A state of acute circulatory failure characterized by persistent arterial hypotension despite adequate fluid resuscitation or by tissue hypoperfusion unexplained by other causes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- mammoth (tree)
- Sequoiadendron
- Serranus
- Sesamia calamistis
- Sesamia inferens
- Sesamia nonagrioides
- Sesbania grandiflora
- Sesbania rostrata
- Sesia
- Vitacea
- Setaria cervi
- Setosphaeria turcica
- Shade trees
A tall tree which provides shade at ground level due to its large canopy. (source: NALT)
- Vitellaria paradoxa
- Wethers
- Sheep pox
- Ulmus pumila
- Sigmodon
- Whole crop silage
- Silene latifolia
- Silene vulgaris
- Zeolites
- Silty soils
- Siluridae
- Silurus
- Silver
- Simazine
- Simetryn
- Simmondsia
- Simulium damnosum
- Simulium venustum
- Simulium vittatum
- single strain starters
- Trichechidae
- Sirex
- soil amendments
- Sitodiplosis mosellana
- Skeletonema costatum
- Trifolium nigrescens
- Smilax
- Spartina alterniflora
- Ulmus procera
- Snake gourd
- Softwood
Library of Congress sh86002922
Generally, one of the botanical groups of trees that have no vessels and in most cases have needlelike or scalelike leaves, the conifers, also the wood produced by such trees. The term has no reference to the actual hardness of the wood. (source: NALT)
- Sogatella furcifera
- Soil
- Soil sampling
- soil solution
- Soil physics
- Soil crusts
- Wind erosion
- Soil heating
- soil water characteristics
- Soil water potential
- Soil water retention
- Soil sterilization
- soil mechanics
- Soil morphology
- Soil profiles
- Subsoil
- Soil structure
- Soil resources
- Soil surveys
- Soil water deficit
- Solanum
- Withania
- Solanum berthaultii
- Solanum chacoense
- Solanum commersonii
- Solanum laciniatum
- Solanum phureja
- Dover sole
- Solea senegalensis
- Solenopsis geminata
- songbirds
- Sorosporium
- Sphacelotheca reiliana
- Xenopus laevis
A species of South African aquatic frog of the genus Xenopus. It is up to 12 cm long with a flattened head and body but no tongue. Its name derives from its three short claws on each of its hind feet. It is an important model organism in developmental biology. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Spalangia endius
- Spartium junceum
- Sparganothis
- Sparus
- Sphacelotheca
- Tunstallia
- Ustulina
- Sphaerotheca fuliginea
- Sphaerotheca pannosa
- Sphagnum
- Sphenophorus parvulus
- Sphingomyelins
- Zymomonas
- Sphaeroides
- Sphyraena
- Spilonota
- Spilopsyllus cuniculi
- Spinacia oleracea
- Vertebrae
- Spirocerca
- Spirocerca lupi
- Treponema
A genus of Gram-negative, motile, helically coiled bacteria in the phylum Spirochaetes. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Spiroplasma
- Spirulina maxima
- Spirulina subsalsa
- Spissistilus festinus
- Spisula solidissima
- Spongia
- Zoospores
- Xestia c nigrum
- Spring wheat
A general term for wheat sown in the early spring and harvested in the late summer or early autumn of the same year. (source: NALT)
- Squalidae
- Squalus
- Squatinidae
- Squalus acanthias
- Stomoxys calcitrans
- Stand density
The average total basal area per acre of a given stand. (source: NALT)
- Uneven aged stands
A class of forest or stand composed of intermingled trees or groups of trees that differ markedly in age. Compare even-aged stands. (source: NALT)
- Staphylococcus intermedius
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, cocci shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is positive for coagulase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase and urease and negative for oxidase. It can ferment glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannose, trehalose, and glycerol but not arabinose, maltose, or xylose. S. intermedius is commensal of oral, nasal, and skin flora of dogs and other animals and is an opportunistic pathogen in both animals and humans. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Stemwood
- Stemphylium vesicarium
- Stolons
- Stenchaetothrips
- Stenella coeruleoalba
- Steneotarsonemus
- Stephanitis
- Stephanurus
- Stephanurus dentatus
- Sterculia
- Theobroma
- Triplochiton
- UHT milk
Sterilized milk that is heated to a temperature of 280 degrees F for at least 2 seconds and packaged in aseptic containers so as not to require refrigeration. (source: NALT)
- Stethorus punctum
- Stomatal conductance
- Stony soils
- Streptococcus equi
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, cocci shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is positive for Lancefield group C, beta hemolysis and arginine deaminase, negative for catalase and can ferment sorbitol. S. equi can be isolated from many animals and is a pathogen that causes equine distemper and human nephritis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Wheat straw
- Trifolium fragiferum
- Street trees
A tree planted along a street to provide shade or for ornamental purposes. (source: NALT)
- Strelitzia
- Strelitziaceae
- Strelitzia juncea
- Strelitzia reginae
- Stylopidae
- Streptococcus bovis
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, cocci shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is positive for arginine deamination and negative for catalase, oxidase, hemolysis, growth in 6.5% NaCl and urease. It can ferment raffinose but not arabinose, mannitol, lactose or glycerol. S. bovis is found in the alimentary tract of ruminants and is a human pathogen that can cause bacteremia, sepsis or endocarditis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Streptococcus mutans
- Streptococcus suis
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, cocci shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is beta glucuronidase and arginine deaminase positive, hydrolyzes esculin, alpha hemolytic, Lancefield groups R, S, and T positive, catalase and pyrrolidonylarylamidase negative and does not grow in 6.5% NaCl. It can ferment sucrose, lactose, glucose, galactose, maltose, salicin, trehalose, and inulin but not arabinose, mannitol, melibiose, ribose, or sorbitol. S. suis is found in pigs where it can cause cervical abscesses. Contact of infected pigs by humans can result in meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis, and deafness. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Streptococcus thermophilus
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, cocci shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is alpha hemolytic, catalase and arginine deaminase negative, does not grow in 6.5% NaCl and does not hydrolyze esculin. It can ferment fructose, glucose, lactose, mannose and sucrose but not amygdalin, arabinose, cellobiose, inulin, maltose, mannitol, salicin, sorbitol, trehalose and xylose. S. thermophilus is found in milk and milk products, used to manufacture cheese and yogurt and is not known to be a human pathogen. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Streptococcus uberis
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, cocci shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is catalase negative, leucine aminopeptidase and pyrrolidonylarylamidase positive, grows in 6.5% NaCl and hydrolyzes esculin. It can ferment salicin, inulin, trehalose, mannitol, and sorbitol but not raffinose. S. uberis is found in a wide variety of environments and may cause mastitis in cows, but is not known to be a human pathogen. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Streptomyces
A genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the phylum Actinobacteria that contains over 500 separate species. Streptomyces spp. produce over 60% of all clinically relevant antibiotics, including antibacterial and antifungal agents. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Striga gesnerioides
- Striga hermonthica
- Trypodendron lineatum
- Strongylus
- Strongyloides
- Strongyloides ransomi
- Strongylus vulgaris
- Stylosanthes capitata
- Brazilian lucerne
- Townsville stylo
- Styrax
- Sugarcane juice
- Sus
- Sulfometuron
- Superphosphate
- Trypanosoma evansi
- Sus scrofa
- Swietenia macrophylla
- Xiphias gladius
- Synanthedon exitiosa
- Synanthedon pictipes
- Synanthedon tipuliformis
- Syngamus
- Syphacia obvelata
- Syrphus
- teratogens
- Triiodothyronine
A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5’ position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3. (source: NALT)
A thyroid hormone containing 3 iodine atoms generally synthesized from levothyroxine, and has greater biological activity. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Tabanus
- Tabanus nigrovittatus
- Tacca
- Taenia
- Taeniothrips
- Tamaricaceae
- Tamarindus indica
- Xanthosoma sagittifolium
- Taphrina
- Tapirus
- Tarsonemus
- Torreya
- Taxodium
- Tectona grandis
- Teats
- Technetium
- Tectona
- Teladorsagia
- Teleogryllus commodus
- Temperature profile
- Water temperature
- Tenebrio
- Tenebrio molitor
- Tenebroides
- Tephritis
- Toxotrypana
- Urophora
- Terbuthylazine
- Terbutryn
- Terfezia
- Terminalia catappa
- Terminalia ivorensis
- Terminalia superba
- Trinervitermes
- Zootermopsis
- Trionychidae
- Tetragnatha
- Tetrameres
- Tetranychus
- Tetranychus urticae
- Teucrium chamaedrys
- Teucrium polium
- Thanasimus dubius
- Thaumetopoea
- Theileria annulata
- Theileria mutans
- Theileria parva
- Theileria sergenti
- Thelazia
- Red oat grass
- Theophylline
A natural alkaloid derivative of xanthine isolated from the plants Camellia sinensis and Coffea arabica. Theophylline appears to inhibit phosphodiesterase and prostaglandin production, regulate calcium flux and intracellular calcium distribution, and antagonize adenosine. Physiologically, this agent relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, produces vasodilation (except in cerebral vessels), stimulates the CNS, stimulates cardiac muscle, induces diuresis, and increases gastric acid secretion; it may also suppress inflammation and improve contractility of the diaphragm. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Therioaphis trifolii
- Thigmotropism
A movement induced in sessile organisms in response to touch or contact stimuli, such as seen in leaves or tendrils of plants. (source: NALT)
- Thiourea
A white crystalline solid, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that is soluble in water, ammonium thiocyanate solution and ethanol. In the past, it was used as a photographic toning agent, a component of hair preparations and a dry cleaning agent. Currently, it is only used in animal glue liquefiers and silver tarnish removers. When heated to decomposition, thiourea emits toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides. Long-term exposure of humans to thiourea may cause bone marrow damage, resulting in reduced levels of red blood cells, white blood cells and/or platelets. It is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. (NCI05) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Thiouracil
A sulfur-containing uracil. An established antithyroid drug and highly selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), thiouracil also covalently binds to dopaquinone, produced by tyrosinase catalyzed oxidation of tyrosine, thereby selectively accumulating in de novo-synthesized melanin in overactive melanin-producing cells and providing a means to localize melanoma cells. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Thrips palmi
- Thrombocytopenic purpura
Purpura associated with a reduction in circulating blood platelets which can result from a variety of factors. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Thryonomys
- Thuja plicata
- Thunnus albacares
- Wikstroemia
- Thymelicus lineola
- Thymine
- Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis
- Tilapia zillii
- Tilia
- Triumfetta
- Tilletia
- Tilletia tritici
- Tineola
- Vicia hirsuta
- Tipula
- Titanium
An element with atomic symbol Ti, atomic number 22, and atomic weight 47.867. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Tithonia diversifolia
- Tocotrienols
- Todarodes pacificus
- Tolyposporium
- Tolyposporium penicillariae
- Tomato spotted wilt virus
- Tomicus minor
- Tortrix
- Zeiraphera
- Tortrix viridana
- Torulopsis
- Torymus
- Toxascaris leonina
- Toxocara canis
- Toxoplasma gondii
- Toxorhynchites amboinensis
- Toxorhynchites brevipalpis
- Toxorhynchites rutilus
- Toxorhynchites splendens
- Tungsten
- Vanadium
- Tracheids
Tracheids are elongated cells in the xylem, which conduct water and mineral salts in plants. Sometimes referred to as fibers, tracheids are more abundant and longer in length in softwoods than hardwoods. The longer length of softwood tracheids is significant to paper manufacture. (source: NALT)
- Transforming growth factor
Transforming Growth Factors are a family of extracellular signaling peptides involved in cell growth stimulation. Found in hematopoietic tissue, various TGF-beta subtypes stimulate wound healing and may inhibit lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis. TGF-alpha binds to EGFR and stimulates endothelial cell growth. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Zirconium
- Tranzschelia
- Trapa
- okwa
- Trema
- Triatoma
- Triatoma infestans
- Uniconazole
- Tribulus
- Tribulus terrestris
- Trichechus manatus
- Trichinella
- Trichinella spiralis
- Trichiurus
- Trichuris
- Trichodectes
- Trichoderma hamatum
- Trichodorus
- Trichogramma
- Trichogramma brassicae
- Trichogramma chilonis
- Trichogramma dendrolimi
- Trichogramma evanescens
- Trichogramma nubilale
- Trichogramma pretiosum
- Trichogrammatoidea
- Trichomonas
A genus of flagellate protozoa parasitic in birds and mammals, distinguished by the presence of four anterior flagella, an undulating membrane, and a trailing flagellum. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Tritrichomonas
- Tritrichomonas foetus
- Trichophyton mentagrophytes
- Trichostrongylus
- Trichostrongylus axei
- Trichostrongylus colubriformis
- Trichostrongylus vitrinus
- Trichuris suis
- Trichuris vulpis
- Trifolium alpestre
- Trioza
- Triplochiton scleroxylon
- Trisetum flavescens
- Triticum aestivum
- Triticum monococcum
- Triticum turgidum
- Trogoderma glabrum
- Trombicula
- Tropaeolum
- Tropaeolum tuberosum
- Tropilaelaps clareae
- Trypanosoma
- Trypanosoma brucei
- Trypanosoma congolense
- Trypanosoma musculi
- Trypanosoma rangeli
- Trypanosoma theileri
- Trypanosoma vivax
- Tsuga heterophylla
- Tuber melanosporum
- Tubifex
- Urocystis
- Tuff
- Tulasnella
- Tursiops truncatus
- Tylenchus
- Tylenchulus
- Tylenchulus semipenetrans
- Typha
- Typhaceae
- Typhlodromus pyri
- Typhula idahoensis
- Typhula incarnata
- Typhula ishikariensis
- Ullucu
- Ulmus glabra
- Undaria pinnatifida
- Uromyces
- Ureter
The thick-walled tube that carries urine from each kidney to the bladder. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Urethra
The tube carrying urine from the bladder to outside of the body. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Uromyces appendiculatus
- Uromyces viciae fabae
- Ursus
- Urtica
- Urtica dioica
- Ustilago
- Ustilago scitaminea
- Ustilago segetum
- Ustilago striiformis
- Ustilago zeae
- Uterine prolapse
The sliding of the uterus into the vaginal canal. It results from the weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and ligaments and is usually seen in postmenopausal women with several vaginal deliveries. Clinical manifestations include sensation of heaviness in the pelvis, urinary difficulties, and tissue protrusion from the vagina. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Uterine torsion
- Vaccinium virgatum
- Vaginal prolapse
- Vaginitis
A non-infectious or infectious inflammatory process affecting the vagina. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Vairimorpha necatrix
- Valeriana
- Valerianella
- Vanilla fragrans
- Varanus
- Varroa
- Varroa jacobsoni
Use for the ectoparasitic mite geographically restricted to Indonesia, host-specific for the honey bee Apis cerana, and incapable of reproducing in A. mellifera brood; For the widely distributed ectoparasitic mite of honey bee, Apis mellifera, USE Varroa destructor. (source: NALT)
- Venus
- Venturia canescens
- Venturia pirina
- Verbena
- Vitex
- Verticillium albo atrum
- Verticillium dahliae
- Vesicular stomatitis
- wasps
- Vespa orientalis
- Vespula pensylvanica
- Veterinary dentistry
- Vibrio salmonicida
- Vicia cracca
- common wheat
- Vigna angularis
- Vigna parkeri
- Vigna radiata
- Vigna unguiculata
- Vigna vexillata
- Viola
- vipers
- Viscum
- Vitis
- Vitellogenins
- Vitex negundo
- Vitis aestivalis
- Vitis cinerea
- Vitis riparia
- Vitis rupestris
- Xylocoris flavipes
- Waste reduction
- Water conservation
- Water harvesting
- Water use
- Water hardness
- Winter wheat
A general term for wheat sown in the fall, persisting through the winter as seedlings, and harvested the following spring or summer after it reaches full maturity. (source: NALT)
- Whey
The portion of milk remaining after the fat and casein (curd) have been removed. It contains about 93.5% water and 6.5% lactose, protein, minerals, enzymes, water-soluble vitamins and traces of fat. (source: NALT)
- White wines
- Wood chips
- Zizania palustris
- Wind direction
- Wood wool
Fine wood shavings, used for surgical dressings, binders for plaster, nesting materials for animals, insulating materials, and packing materials. (source: NALT)
- Wood flour
Wood reduced to finely divided particles, approximately the same as those of cereal flours in size, appearance, and texture, and passing a 40 to 100 mesh screen. (source: NALT)
- Xanthomonas
A genus of bacteria in the family Xanthomonadaceae, similar to Pseudomonas but producing a yellow pigment that is not soluble in water. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Xylella
- Xanthosoma violaceum
- Xiphias
- Xiphinema americanum
- Xiphinema diversicaudatum
- Xiphinema index
- Yeast extracts
- Yersinia ruckeri
A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile, positive for ornithine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase, and beta galactosidase and negative for indole, urease, and oxidase. It is able to ferment trehalose, mannitol, and maltose but not sucrose, cellobiose, sorbitol, inositol, rhamnose, raffinose, or melibiose. Y. ruckeri is found in aqueous environments and is the causative agent of redmouth in fish, but is not a known human pathogen. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Zamia
- Zeiraphera diniana
- Zingiber
- Zonocerus variegatus
- Zostera
- Zostera marina
- Zoysia matrella
- Zygophyllum
- Biodiesel
A biofuel for use in diesel engines produced through the transesterfication of organically-derived oils or fats combined with alcohol (ethanol or methanol) in the presence of a catalyst. It may be used either as a replacement for or as a component of diesel fuel. (source: NALT)
- Bullocks
Young bulls under 24 months of age. (source: NALT)
- Capons
Neutered male chickens. (source: NALT)
- Steinernema riobravis
- Milk ring test
- Fillies
Female horses less than three years old. (source: NALT)
- Colts
Male horses less than three years old. (source: NALT)
- Fruit cracking
A physiological disorder common in many fruit crops, especially tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The pericarp, or skin, of the fruit develops cracks mainly because the fruit contents absorb water faster than the expansion of the fruit wall. (source: NALT)
- Haylage
Low-moisture silage (35-55% moisture). Grass and legume crops are cut and wilted in the field to a lower moisture level than normal for grass silage, but the crop is not sufficiently dry for baling. (source: NALT)
- Anarhichas lupus
- Seriola dumerili
- Istiophorus platypterus
- Ocyurus chrysurus
- Morone americana
- Pomatomus saltatrix
- Pogonias cromis
- Menidia menidia
- Dorosoma cepedianum
- Sardinella aurita
- Sardinops sagax
- Misgurnus
- Misgurnus anguillicaudatus
- Notemigonus crysoleucas
- Semotilus atromaculatus
- Tinca tinca
- Molva molva
- Culaea inconstans
- Paralichthys californicus
- Atheresthes stomias
- Platichthys stellatus
- Reinhardtius hippoglossoides
- rice cake
- port wine
- anatoxins
- Yarrowia
A genus of yeasts in the family Dipodascaceae and phylum Ascomycota. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Yarrowia lipolytica
A dimorphic yeast in the phylum Ascomycota. This species is strictly aerobic, degrades hydrophobic substrates, assimilates glucose, fructose and mannose, and utilizes ethanol and glycerol as carbon sources. Y. lipolytica is a biocatalyst and used commercially in biotransformation to catalyze hydrolysis, esterification, interesterification and transesterification reactions. It is also used for the production of citric acid. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Water power
Use for the electrical or mechanical energy harnessed from the action of falling or flowing water or due to water temperature differentials; For the generation of electric power generation usually from water released in controlled amounts though a system of turbines USE hydroelectic power. (source: NALT)
- Vinyl chloride
Library of Congress sh85143414
A chlorinated hydrocarbon occurring as a colorless, highly flammable gas with a mild, sweet odor that may emit toxic fumes of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride and phosgene when heated to decomposition. Vinyl chloride is primarily used to make polyvinyl chloride to manufacture plastics. Exposure to this substance affects the central and peripheral nervous system and causes liver damage. Prolonged exposure to vinyl chloride can cause a set of symptoms that is characterized by Raynaud’s phenomenon, joint and muscle pain and scleroderma-like skin changes. Vinyl chloride is a known human carcinogen and is associated with an increased risk of developing liver cancer, predominantly angiosarcoma of the liver, but is also linked to brain and lung cancer as well as cancer of the lymphatic and hematopoietic system. (NCI05) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Phoxim
- Coenzymes
- seed collection
Use for the small-scale harvesting of seed; For collecting and harvesting of seed by insects or other animals for food USE seed predation; For commercial-scale collecting and harvesting of seed for the seed trade USE seed crop production AND harvesting. (source: NALT)
- urban horticulture
The science and art of promoting the successful growth and development of ornamental plants, turf, vegetables and fruit in the urban environment. (source: NALT)
- Erythrosine
- Marine sciences
The study of saltwater bodies of water, including the oceans and seas, their chemical and physical properties and processes, and the aquatic organisms living in these environments. (source: NALT)
- Physical control
The management, eradication or exclusion of pests by nonchemical, abiotic methods or physical barriers. (source: NALT)
- monogamy
- Gadus macrocephalus
- Limanda ferruginea
- Ictalurus furcatus
- Urophycis tenuis
- Hydrobiology
- Fouling
Library of Congress sh85051042
Becoming encrusted, clogged or choked with foreign matter. (source: NALT)
- Lampetra fluviatilis
- Carcharhiniformes
- Prionace glauca
- Scyliorhinus canicula
- Alopiidae
- Alopias vulpinus
- Isurus oxyrinchus
- Carcharodon
- Carcharodon carcharias
- Pristis
- Pristis pectinata
- Dasyatis americana
- Dasyatis sabina
- Raja clavata
- Gymnuridae
- Gymnura micrura
- Myliobatidae
- Rhinoptera bonasus
- Biofertilizers
Use for beneficial microorganisms that are applied to plants, seed, or soil in order to increase the amount of nutrients available to plants, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi. For fertilizers that are derived from natural organic materials, such as crab waste, animal manure, or green manures USE organic fertilizers. (source: NALT)
- Cananga
- Cananga odorata
- Rhinobatidae
- Hydrolagus
- Hydrolagus colliei
- Orectolobiformes
- Ginglymostomatidae
- Ginglymostoma
- Ginglymostoma cirratum
- Lamna
- Lamna ditropis
- Lamna nasus
- Triakidae
- Mustelus
- Sphyrnidae
- Sphyrna
- Torpediniformes
- Torpedinidae
- Torpedo californica
- Acipenser brevirostrum
- Acipenser fulvescens
- Polyodon spathula
- Pterocarpus indicus
- Engraulis encrasicolus
- Cobitidae
- Danio rerio
- Fundulidae
- Beloniformes
- Adrianichthyidae
- Gonorynchiformes
- Esociformes
- Osmerus mordax
- Sebastes schlegeli
- Sebastes marinus
- Rhamdia quelen
- Osphronemidae
- Trichogaster trichopterus
- Channa punctata
- Myxiniformes
- Myxinidae
- Eptatretus burgeri
- Amiiformes
- Amiidae
- Amia calva
- Mugiliformes
- Mugil cephalus
- Mugil curema
- Albuliformes
- Albulidae
- Aulopiformes
- Cynodontidae
- Lizardfish
- Saurida tumbil
- Trichiurus lepturus
- game fishes
- Epinephelus malabaricus
- Epinephelus coioides
- Epinephelus tauvina
- Epinephelus aeneus
- Epinephelus marginatus
- Epinephelus akaara
- Epinephelus morio
- Shad
- Lutjanus argentimaculatus
- Microstomus pacificus
- Achiridae
- Coregonus autumnalis
- Coregonus clupeaformis
- Prosopium williamsoni
- Thymallus arcticus
- Thunnus obesus
- Katsuwonus
- Katsuwonus pelamis
- Auxis thazard
- Sarda sarda
- Sillago ciliata
- Merluccius australis
- slash
Debris left over after logging, pruning, thinning or brush cutting; includes logs, chips, bark, branches, stumps and broken understory trees or brush. Use for woody debris left in the forest as the result of an anthropogenic activity such as logging; For naturally uprooted trees and fallen branches that serve an ecological function in forests or in streams USE coarse woody debris. (source: NALT)
- Fire suppression
The overall process of detecting, locating, containing and extinguishing a fire. (source: NALT)
- Alstroemeriaceae
- Amaryllidaceae
- Contarinia sorghicola
- Elymus repens
- Hedylepta
- Hypoxidaceae
- Melanthiaceae
- Quadraspidiotus
- Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
- Thinopyrum
- Canning
- Opogona sacchari
- Trupanea
- Saccharomycetales
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Anthonomus eugenii
- Laodelphax striatellus
- Free range husbandry
A system of animal management where animals are not confined and can freely roam and forage over a large area of open land. (source: NALT)
- water vapour
- Osmolality
The concentration of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent present in a sample. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Mahanarva
- Sarcocystis miescheriana
- Oomyzus
- Roystonea
- Silk glands
- Herbicide safeners
Chemicals that selectively protect crops against herbicide injury. (source: NALT)
- Perca flavescens
- Latridae
- Latris lineata
- Maccullochella peelii
- Rachycentridae
- Rachycentron canadum
- Micropterus dolomieui
- Deblossoming
The practice of removing flowers from plants. Deblossoming is done on fruit trees in order to increase the size and quality of the fruit crop. (source: NALT)
- cimarrona
- Crescentia cujete
- Canihua
- Pouteria lucuma
- Capsicum pubescens
- Furcraea
- Calathea allouia
- Eriocheir sinensis
- Grapsidae
- Smolts
Adolescent salmonid fish which have lost their parr marks and have developed a silvery coloring on the body. Smolts are physiologically adapted to a marine environment and are ready to begin migration to saltwater. (source: NALT)
- Eotetranychus carpini
- Eotetranychus hicoriae
- Penthaleus
- Petrobia
- Tetranychus turkestani
- Perna
- Perna perna
- Perna canaliculus
- Perna viridis
- Pteriidae
- Pinctada
- Pinctada fucata
- Dentex dentex
- Thunnus orientalis
- Chytridiomycota
Rank of Phylum, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Blastocladiomycota
Rank of Class, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Capnodiales
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Myriangiales
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Botryosphaeriales
Rank of Order, Dothideomycetes incertae sedis, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Hysteriales
Rank of Order, Dothideomycetes incertae sedis, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Chaetothyriales
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Onygenales
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Orbiliales
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Xylariales
Library of Congress sh85148850
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. Confirmed in Lumbsch and Huhndorf, 2007. (source: NALT)
- Ascomycota
Rank of Phylum, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
A phylum of fungi whose members are commonly known as the sac fungi. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Basidiomycota
Rank of Phylum, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
A phylum of filamentous fungi that reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external spores. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Helicobasidiales
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Microbotryales
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Sporidiobolales
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Entylomatales
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Tilletiales
Rank of Order, according to Hibbett, D.S., et al., 2007. Mycological Research 111: 509-547. (source: NALT)
- Blastocladiales
- Cystofilobasidiales
- Cenangium
- Godronia
- Didymascella
- Hymenella
- Rhinonyssidae
- sinigrin
- Caligus
- Caligus elongatus
- Phyllotreta striolata
- Lecanora
- Marasmius
- Schizosaccharomycetales
- Saccharomycetaceae
- Trichosphaeriales
- Hoggets
Young sheep from weaning until its first shearing. (source: NALT)
- Cryptorhynchus
- Ametastegia
- Athetis
- Serpula lacrymans
- Symphysodon aequifasciata
- Anatid herpesvirus 1
- Dovyalis
- Hylocereus undatus
- Tarophagus
- methoxsalen
A naturally occurring substance isolated from the seeds of the plant Ammi majus with photoactivating properties. As a member of the family of compounds known as psoralens or furocoumarins, methoxsalen’s exact mechanism of action is unknown; upon photoactivation, methoxsalen has been observed to bind covalently to and crosslink DNA. (NCI04) Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
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- Atolls
Coral reef islands that form a circular, oval or crescent shape surrounding a central lagoon and are commonly found in the tropical waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. (source: NALT)
- Triphasia
- Sugarcane byproducts
- Musa basjoo
- Bruchus rufimanus
- Rodolia cardinalis
- Baris
- Euscepes
- Euscepes postfasciatus
- Hypera meles
- Phloeotribus
- Sphenophorus callosus
- Pegomya betae
- Hydrellia griseola
- Pseudolynchia
- Brachycaudus persicae
- Illinoia liriodendri
- Pemphigus bursarius
- Myndus crudus
- Sphaerolecanium
- Epidiaspis
- Pseudaonidia
- Dryocosmus kuriphilus
- Pyroderces
- Zeuzera pyrina
- Lampides
- Euxoa ochrogaster
- Hemileuca oliviae
- Nemapogon
- Bactra
- Hedya
- Scutigerella
- Scutigerella immaculata
- Gynaikothrips
- Economic behaviour
The predicted or observable activity or manner in which decisions are made regarding the management of wealth, including the manner of buying/selling goods and services, generating income, allocating economic resources, borrowing/lending, investment and other financial choices. (source: NALT)
- Companion crops
Crops that are compatible with each other and grow well together. Companion crops are grown at the same time on the same land, especially if one provides a benefit to the other. (source: NALT)
- Climax communities
- multipurpose trees
- Shoot pruning
- Natural pruning
The natural dying and breaking off of the lower branches of trees due to shading from the upper canopy. Use for the natural processs of branches dieing and breaking off; For pruning by man as a cultural practice USE pruning. (source: NALT)
- Chemical pruning
The application of agricultural chemicals to remove the quantity of vegetative or reproductive plant parts on an individual plant in order to alter the shape, growth pattern, flowering or fruiting of a plant. (source: NALT)
- Acacia xanthophloea
- Sesamum angustifolium
- Solanum hyporhodium
- Multiple land use
- Arenga pinnata
- Anaplasmataceae
- Pentastomida
- Spirillaceae
- Congridae
- Conger (genus)
- Conger conger
- Conger myriaster
- Inland waters
- Grazing lands
- Collective term used by NRCS for rangeland, pastureland, grazed forest land, native and naturalized pasture, hayland, and grazed cropland. Although grazing is generally a predominate use, the term is used independent of any use. (2) Land used primarily for production of forage plants maintained or manipulated primarily through grazing management. Includes all lands having plants harvestable by grazing without reference to land tenure, other land uses, management, or treatment practices. (source: NALT)
- Somatic mutation
Any mutation with an origin in cells that are not destined to become gametes. As a consequence, such mutations are not transmitted to progeny, though they will be transmitted during any mitosis within the individual. Somatic mutations may contribute to a broad variety of pathologies including cancer. Source: NCI thesaurus link
- Aquatic environment
- Aquatic communities
- Marine environment
- Lepomis gibbosus
- Castilla
- Castilla ulei
- Mammea americana
- Dalbergia retusa
- Hymenaea courbaril
- Guadua angustifolia
- Abies guatemalensis
- Castilla elastica
- Chrysophyllum cainito
- Fishery resources
- Marine resources
- Pterocarpus erinaceus
- Pterocarpus macrocarpus
- Pesticide selectivity
- Magnoliophyta
- Industrial crops
Those crops that are not specifically grown for foodstuffs (such as fruit crops, vegetable crops and grain crops), but are specifically grown to yield a useful product for man or industrial processes, such as fiber, oils, rubber, chemicals, resions, energy, waxes, or dyes. (source: NALT)
- Hura
- Chloranthales
- Acorales
- Acoraceae
- Cymodoceaceae
- Posidoniaceae
- Dioscoreales
- Asparagales
- Philydraceae
- Poales
- Pinctada maxima
- Pinctada margaritifera
- Pangasiidae
- Phyllanthaceae
- Malpighiales
- Ricinodendron heudelotii
- Brevoortia patronus
- Archosargus
- Archosargus probatocephalus
- Pangasius
- Pangasius larnaudii
- Pangasius pangasius
- cathepsins
- Trachinotus carolinus
- Acacia pendula
- Acacia leptocarpa
- Acacia cincinnata
- population
A group of individuals defined by a particular set of characteristics, e.g., organisms of a particular species living in a given region or area. (source: NALT)
- Additive effect
A biologic response to exposure to multiple substances that equals the sum of responses of all the individual substances added together. Use for the biologic response to exposure to multiple substances; for gene action which is the result of genes acting independently of genetic background USE additive gene effects. (source: NALT)
- Enzyme polymorphism
A phenomenon that, in the course of evolution, characterizes enzymes that are able to maintain their catalytic capability on the same chemical reaction, even though their amino acid sequences and/or amino acid composition are modified via mutagenesis and/or natural selection. The properties of these enzymes (such as kinetics and electrophoretic mobility) can be differentiated by physical, chemical and immunological techniques. (source: NALT)
- Lysiloma latisiliqua
- Myroxylon balsamum
- Pimenta dioica
- Symphonia
- Subalpine forests
A transition zone from dense forest below treeline to alpine tundra above treeline. (source: NALT)
- seed trees
Trees that produce seeds; usually a superior tree left standing at the time of cutting to produced seeds for reforestation. Use for trees left at a logging site or elsewhere for the purpose of seed production; for trees retained on agricultural land or elsewhere for any purpose, such as shade or erosion control, USE retained trees. (source: NALT)
- acceptable daily intake
The amount of a substance to which an organism can be exposed on a daily basis over an extended period of time (usually a lifetime) without suffering deleterious effects. (source: NALT)
- Carludovica
- Carludovica palmata
- Plus trees
A tree which in its outward appearance (phenotype) is superior to the average tree of the same species grown at a similar site. Visibly superior characteristics may include morphology, vigor, pest or disease resistance, growth, etc., but these characteristics have not been clonally or progeny tested. Use for trees that have not been proven superior genetically; for trees that have been verified superior by appropriate testing USE elite trees. (source: NALT)
- Catalytic activity
An increase in the rate of a chemical reaction produced by the presence of a substance that is not consumed in the net chemical reaction. (source: NALT)
- Conception rate
The percentage of matings that result in the successful fusion of egg and sperm to produce a zygote. Term can be used to describe individuals as well as groups or populations that share a common characteristic. (source: NALT)
- Lasalocid
Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry. (source: NALT)
- violaxanthin
- Farm area
The area of agricultural land used for farming (crop and livestock production). (source: NALT)
- Nitrogen fixing trees
Trees that can convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable form through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that live in root nodules; they have many uses in agroforestry including mulch, nitrogen fertilizer, food and fodder. (source: NALT)
- Bamboos
- Ceratophyllales
- Cucurbitales
- Buxales
- Saxifragales
- Crossosomatales
- Zygophyllales
- Aquifoliales
- Brassicales
- Oxalidales
- Irvingiaceae
- Enterovirus C
An enterovirus comprised of an single-stranded positive sense RNA genome and a protein capsid. This virus is the human pathogen that causes poliomyelitis. Source: NCI thesaurus link
Reference: FDA UNII link
Reference the NIH NCBI link
- Isatis tinctoria
- Sorghum bicolor subsp. Verticilliflorum
- Vasconcellea pubescens